49 Unforgettable F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes

49 Unforgettable F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes F. Scott Fitzgerald is an American writer known for works like The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night, along with other novels and short stories. Read 49 quotes from the life and works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Quotes About Women A letter to his daughter, November 18, 1938 A great social success is a pretty girl who plays her cards as carefully as if she were plain. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Debut: the first time a young girl is seen drunk in public. Tender Is the Night It took him a moment to respond to the unguarded sweetness of her smile, her body calculated to a millimeter to suggest a bud yet guarantee a flower. Quotes About Men The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Men get to be a mixture of the charming mannerisms of the women they have known. The Great Gatsby No amount of fire or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart. This Side of Paradise The idea that to make a man work youve got to hold gold in front of his eyes is a growth, not an axiom. Weve done that for so long that weve forgotten theres any other way. Life and Love The Offshore Pirate, Flappers and Philosophers All life is just a progression toward, and then a recession from, one phrase - I love you. Tender is the Night Either you think - or else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize, and sterilize you. The Great Gatsby Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald The kiss originated when the first male reptile licked the first female reptile, implying in a subtle, complimentary way that she was as succulent as the small reptile he had for dinner the night before. The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, Tales of the Jazz Age At any rate, let us love for a while, for a year or so, you and me. Thats a form of divine drunkenness that we can all try. This Side of Paradise There used to be two kinds of kisses. First, when girls were kissed and deserted; second, when they were engaged. Now theres a third kind, where the man is kissed and deserted. If Mr. Jones of the nineties bragged hed kissed a girl, everyone knew he was through with her. If Mr. Jones of 1919 brags the same, everyone knows its because he cant kiss her anymore. On Writing A letter to his daughter All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath. The Crack-Up Boredom is not an end-product, is comparatively rather an early stage in life and art. Youve got to go by or past or through boredom, as through a filter, before the clear product emerges. A letter to his daughter, April 27, 1940 Often I think writing is a sheer paring away of oneself leaving always something thinner, barer, more meager. A letter to his daughter, August 3, 1940 Poetry is either something that lives like fire inside you - like music to the musician or Marxism to the Communist - or else it is nothing, an empty formalized bore around which pedants can endlessly drone their notes and explanations. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Show me a hero and I will write you a tragedy. When the first-rate author wants an exquisite heroine or a lovely morning, he finds that all the superlatives have been worn shoddy by his inferiors. It should be a rule that bad writers must start with plain heroines and ordinary mornings, and, if they are able, work up to something better. One Hundred False Starts Mostly, we authors must repeat ourselves - thats the truth. We have two or three great moving experiences in our lives - experiences so great and moving that it doesnt seem at the time that anyone else has been so caught up and pounded and dazzled and astonished and beaten and broken and rescued and illuminated and rewarded and humbled in just that way ever before. The Last Tycoon Writers arent people exactly. Or, if theyre any good, theyre a whole lot of people trying so hard to be one person. Its like actors, who try so pathetically not to look in mirrors. Who lean backward trying - only to see their faces in the reflecting chandeliers. Youth and Aging The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, Tales of the Jazz Age Everybodys youth is a dream, a form of chemical madness. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Genius goes around the world in its youth incessantly apologizing for having large feet. What wonder that later in life it should be inclined to raise those feet too swiftly to fools and bores. It is in the 30s that we want friends. In the 40s, we know they wont save us any more than love did. Cavalcade of America Radio Show The man who arrives young believes that he exercises his will because his star is shining. The man who only asserts himself at 30 has a balanced idea of what willpower and fate have each contributed. The one who gets there at 40 is liable to put the emphasis on will alone. The compensation of very early success is a conviction that life is a romantic matter. In the best sense, one stays young. A letter to his cousin Cici After all, life hasnt much to offer except youth, and I suppose for older people, the love of youth in others. Bernice Bobs Her Hair At 18 our convictions are hills from which we look; at 45 they are caves in which we hide. O Russet Witch! The years between 35 and 65 revolve before the passive mind as one unexplained, confusing merry-go-round. True, they are a merry-go-round of ill-gaited and wind-broken horses, painted first in pastel colors, then in dull grays and browns, but perplexing and intolerably dizzy the thing is, as never were the merry-go-rounds of childhood or adolescence; as never, surely, were the certain-coursed, dynamic roller-coasters of youth. For most men and women these 30 years are taken up with a gradual withdrawal from life. Places The Swimmers France was a land, England was a people, but America, having about it still that quality of the idea, was harder to utter - it was the graves at Shiloh and the tired, drawn, nervous faces of its great men, and the country boys dying in the Argonne for a phrase that was empty before their bodies withered. It was a willingness of the heart. Letter, July 29, 1940 Isnt Hollywood a dump - in the human sense of the word. A hideous town pointed up by the insulting gardens of its rich, full of the human spirit at a new low of debasement. Great One-Liners The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald No grand idea was ever born in a conference, but a lot of foolish ideas have died there. Optimism is the content of small men in high places. An idea ran back and forward in his head like a blind man knocking over the solid furniture. Forgotten is forgiven. You can stroke people with words. A letter to his daughter, September 19, 1938 Nothing is as obnoxious as other peoples luck Notes for The Last Tycoon Action is character. The Great Gatsby Personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures. Sometimes it is harder to deprive oneself of a pain than of a pleasure. The Crack-Up The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. The Beautiful and Damned The victor belongs to the spoils. Society and Culture A letter to his daughter, August 24, 1940 Advertising is a racket, like the movies and the brokerage business. You cannot be honest without admitting that its constructive contribution to humanity is exactly minus zero. This Side of Paradise People try so hard to believe in leaders now, pitifully hard. But we no sooner get a popular reformer or politician or soldier or writer or philosopher - a Roosevelt, a Tolstoi, a Wood, a Shaw, a Nietzsche, than the cross-currents of criticism wash him away. My Lord, no man can stand prominence these days. Its the surest path to obscurity. People get sick of hearing the same name over and over. The Rich Boy Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are because we had to discover the compensations and refuges of life for ourselves. Even when they enter deep into our world or sink below us, they still think that they are better than we are. They are different. Letter to Ernest Hemingway, August 1936 Riches have never fascinated me, unless combined with the greatest charm or distinction. Babylon Revisited Family quarrels are bitter things. They dont go according to any rules. Theyre not like aches or wounds; theyre more like splits in the skin that wont heal because theres not enough material. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald The easiest way to get a reputation is to go outside the fold, shout around for a few years as a violent atheist or a dangerous radical, and then crawl back to the shelter. The Past Show Mr. and Mrs. F. to Number - It is sadder to find the past again and find it inadequate to the present than it is to have it elude you and remain forever a harmonious conception of memory. The Great Gatsby So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. Sources: Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Selected Letters by F. Scott Fitzgerald. A.B. Rudnev, 2018. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, October 1, 1978. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Flappers and Philosophers. Vintage Classics, Vintage, September 8, 2009. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tales of the Jazz Age. Vintage Classics, Vintage, August 10, 2010. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. F. Scott Fitzgerald on One Hundred False Starts. The Saturday Evening Post, March 4, 1933. Various Authors. Cavalcade of America. CBS, 1937. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Swimmers. The Saturday Evening Post, October 19, 1929. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Babylon Revisited. The Saturday Evening Post, February 21, 1931. Fitzgerald, F. Scott and Zelda. Show Mr. and Mrs. F. to Number - . Esquire, May 1, 1934.

hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay Example

hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay Example hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare, autosomal dominant channelopathy characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis with a matching fall in potassium levels in the blood (primarily due to defect in a voltage-gated calcium channel). In individuals with this mutation, attacks often begin in adolescence and are triggered by strenuous exercise followed by rest, high carbohydrate meals, meals with high sodium content, sudden changes in temperature, and even excitement, noise or flashing lights. Weakness may be mild and limited to certain muscle groups, or more evere full body paralysis. Attacks may last for a few hours or persist for several days. Recovery is usually sudden when it occurs, due to release of potassium from swollen muscles as they recover. Some patients may fall into an abortive attack or develop chronic muscle weakness later in life. Some people only develop symptoms of periodic paralysis due to hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). This entity is distinguished with thyroid function tests, and the diagnosis is instead called thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. [l] Patients often report years wasted with wrong iagnosis, wrong treatments, deadends and multiple doctors, test and clinics. The CMAP (Compound Muscle Amplitude Potential) test, also called the exercise EMG or X- EMG, is diagnostic in 70-80% of cases when done correctly. Besides the patient history or a report of serum potassium low normal or low during an attack, the CMAP is the current standard for medical testing. Genetic diagnosis is often unreliable as only a few of the more common gene locations are tested, but even with more extensive testing 20-37% of people with a clinical diagnosis of hypokalemic periodic aralysis have no known mutation in the two known genes. 2] Standard EMG testing cannot diagnose a patient unless they are in a full blown attack at the time of testing. Provoking an attack with exercise and diet then trying oral potassium can be diagnostic, but also dangerous as this form of PP has an alternate form known as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. The symptoms are almost the same, but the treatment is different. The old glucose insulin challenge is dangerous and risky to the point of b eing life threatening and should never be done when other options are so eadily available[citation needed]. People with hypokalemic periodic paralysis are aften misdiagnosed as having a conversion disorder or hysterical paralysis since the weakenss is muscle based and doesnt correspond to nerve or spinal root distributions. The tendency of people with hypokalemic periodic paralysis to get paralyzed when epinephrine is released in fight or flight situations further adds to the temptation to dismiss the disorder as psychiatric. [3] hypokalemic periodic paralysis By Jian-Portacion

Training and Coaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Training and Coaching - Essay Example In addition, employees also clarify the organizational attitude, beliefs or behavior. Through a series of repetitive practice employees improve their output by adopting the skills learnt and also improve these skills.Coaching forms part of the training development that occurs when a coach supports a learner to achieve a professional or personal goal. In most cases, coaching is a confidential learning process designed to improve the learners’ performance, output, or personal growth. Unlike normal employee training, coaching is more effective since the coach is able to evaluate an individual’s progress. In this regard, the coach not only identifies the learner’s strengths and weaknesses, but he also provides a forum for feedback, by clarifying areas where the learner performs well and areas in which the learner must improve on.  In several instances, coaching results to the learners’ personal change in that a learner acquires clear understanding on the imp ortance of positive output towards the achievement of organizational goals. Coaching facilitates development of skills and performance aimed at specified tasks and overall job responsibility. Coaching also advocates for professional and personal development aimed at future responsibilities and professional roles.Identification of training and coaching needsIn an organization, training is often essential when employees are not meeting the organization’s standard or failing to meet the expected performance level. The difference between actual.

The Concept and Process of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept and Process of Marketing - Essay Example Producers fully understand the value of their products but the consumer has no idea about that product’s value. Due to this producers have to come up with strategies of creating awareness to customers about the existence to the product, as well as going a step further of making its value known to the customers (Khonat, 2012, p.22). Moreover, marketing can also be understood from the organization perspective. Here it can be said to be a process of the management through which they are able to recognize, anticipate as well as satisfy customer needs in a profitable way. This definition has three main elements: first management has to be aware of customer needs, then come up with ways of satisfying them and finally they need to foresee customer needs. Upon the production of a particular product, the producers need to have a comprehensive understanding of their customers in order to have a long-term relationship with them (Houston, 2006, p.81). However, producers cannot overlook th eir objectives in business thus the whole process of marketing has to reap maximum profits to the producer. Customers are very important in business since it is through them that business objectives are accomplished. According to Khonat (2012, p.22), the main aim of business is profit making and this can only be achieved through two processes buying and selling. Customers participate in the process of buying, however they have to gain value for their money; this is called customer satisfaction (CS). CS is very important in business as it is able to retain customers as well as attract more customers. When customers are satisfied with the products they buy, a good exchange relationship is created between the two parties. Houston (2006, p.82) explains that marketing evolved in the early 1990s when business scholars realized the importance of understanding the relationship between sellers and potential buyers. Before its evolution, marketing was considered to be enclosed in the greater spheres of economics concepts. As buyers sought to come up with ways of establishing a stronger buyer/seller relationship, marketing emerged. In the early stages of marketing, organizations were less concerned about customer satisfaction but rather concentrated all their efforts into the philosophy of â€Å"selling-as-much-as-we-can.† With deeper studies into the marketing field, producers came to realize the importance of customer satisfaction in attracting and retention of customers (Brody, 2001, p.20). Today marketing is among the most pursued fields in the world of business. The main objective of marketing is creating a good relationship between the buyer and the seller (Khonat, 2012, p.22). Hence buyers should get satisfied with what they buy, at the same time sellers should earn a profit from what they sell. Marketing is important to both the seller and the customer when done effectively. It makes the sellers’ products known to the market and through this the sel ler is able to increase sales. On the other hand, buyers are able to know the existence of new products in the market, increasing their buying variety. Unfortunately, the persuasive nature of marketing has lead to the making of wrong choices by buyers (McDonald & Roberts, 2003, p.18). As such marketers should not exaggerate their product value rather they should convince customers using the exact value properties of the product. Let us consider the Coca cola Company in its internal and external environment.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

No topic - Essay Example Human beings have to attain higher spiritual conception in order to achieve the love of God (Easwaran 15). The Yoga of the despondency of Arjuna (The first discourse) The bloody war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas took place at Kurukshetra. This was a result of the failure of the peace and unity mission by Lord Krishna when he visited Pandavas. They had no choice but to participate in the bloody war in order for them to attain what they perceived as their rightful share of the kingdom. Before the two sides could engage in war, Arjuna questioned the reasons and circumstances of the deadly carnage that was about to happen as he knew that it was not good for the people to fight and in turn kill innocent people for the sake of their pleasures and kingdom (Miller 31). In addition, he wondered if it was right for him to leave or surrender everything in favor of his enemies and retire in peace. Miller (33) state that, as Arjuna was faced with these confusing thoughts, feeling of despo ndency overtook Arjuna. Arjuna had no desire to participate in the war in that he had to turn to Lord Krishna for enlightenment and guidance. It is therefore rational to note that Arjuna realized that ignorance of the law is not an excuse to warrant a sinful act that would lead to destruction of property and loss of life. People should know that a sinful conduct is a serious crime unworthy of knowledgeable and reasonable people. In the Yoga of the despondency of Arjuna recorded in the Upanishads, shows Arjuna casting way his arrow and bow, and sat down on the chariot with his mind engulfed in sorrow. It is rational to argue that Arjuna did not want the two armies to fight because he knew it would be against the will of the Lord who likes to see people live in peace and unity (Easwaran 12). Sankhiya Yoga (The second discourse) Arnold (55) argues that, unlike in the first discourse where Arjuna is seeking guidance and enlightenment from the Lord Krishna, the second discourse began wit h Sanjaya explaining the state or conditions of Arjuna, who was disturbed because of fear and attachment. Lord Krishna rebukes Arjuna for his unwilling to participate in the war because of his attachment or ‘Moha’ and tells him to fight. Arjuna did not succeed in convincing Lord Krishna through his wise thoughts that war was disastrous to the society. According to Arnold, this is wise counsel that the Lord Krishna gives to Arjuna. In turn, Arjuna recognizes his helplessness and devotes fully to the service of the Lord, looking for his direction, wisdom, and guidance to overcome the conflict of his mind. The Lord pitied with Arjuna, went ahead to guide, and enlightened him on what he should do. He tells Arjuna about the immortality of the Atman, for which there is past, present, and future. This meant that the Atman is not mortal; therefore, Arjuna should not be overwhelmed by grieve and fear. This is because the Atman is beyond the earth, fire, water, ether and air sinc e it cannot be cut, dried or burnt, and is eternal. In the first discourse, the Lord Krishna rebukes Arjuna and is unwilling to enlighten him (Easwaran 15). Contrary to the second discourse where the Lord explains to Arjuna that everyone in the world experiences things like pain and pleasure, cold and heat because of the conduct of objects with human senses. A person who is in a position to balance between the pain and pleasure will be able to attain immortality. The Lord advises

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Positivism

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Positivism Critical Essay on Positivism with Special Reference to the  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region[S1] Introduction The[S2] word ‘positive’, as used in jurisprudence, is derived from the Latin word positum, meaning â€Å"having been laid down†. Its foundation consists in the pedigree thesis, separability thesis and the discretion thesis[S3]. The positive law school has its main pillars, such as Jeremy Bentham, John Austin, H.L.A Hart, Hans Kelson. This essay will study their views with reference to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR[S4]). 1. The Pedigree Thesis Every society has some form of social order, some way of marking and encouraging approved behaviour, deterring disapproved behaviour, and resolving disputes. The pedigree thesis asserts that legal validity is a function of certain social facts[S5]. 1.1 Bentham and Austin: According to Bentham and Austin[1][S6], law is a phenomenon of societies with a sovereign;: a determinate person or group who have supreme and absolute de facto power. The laws in that society are a subset of the sovereigns commands: general orders that apply to classes of actions and people and that are backed up by threat of force or â€Å"sanction[S7].†. This imperatival theory is positivist, for it identifies the existence of legal systems with patterns of command and obedience that can be ascertained without considering whether the sovereign has a moral right to rule or whether his commands are meritorious. Imperatival theory has two other distinctive features, monism and reductivism. The mMonism: the theory represents all laws as having a single form, imposing obligations on their subjects, though not on the sovereign himself. The Reductivism: the theory on the other hand maintains that the normative language used in describing and stating the law talk of authority, rights, obligations, and so on can all be analyszed[S8] without remainder in non-normative terms, ultimately as concatenations of statements about power and obedience[S9]. Imperatival theory does not accord with the complexities of the present time:. fFor example, in Hong Kong (HK), according to the Basic Law Article 1,[2][S10], HKSAR is an inalienable part of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). Under the system of ‘One Country, Two System’, sovereignty of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) belongs to PRC. PRC delegates power (executive, legislative and final adjudication power) to HK through Basic Law (‘commands’). The Basic Law has the feature of being reductivist, as it is concatenations[S11] of statements about power and obedience. Basic Law Article 22 states that Basic Law is not only binding on HK, but also binding on PRC’s institutions (sovereign),[3], therefore it does not haves the feature of monistic[S12]. In addition, the law is not backed up by threat of force or â€Å"sanction† from PRC. HK citizens agree with the Basic Law because they realise[S13] that the law provides various advanta ges to them all, other than by fear. 1.2 Hans Kelsen: Hans Kelsen, as a positivist, presents a normative approach and is concerned with what the law was and not what it ought to be, and sought a science of law free from metaphysical elements (hence a pure theory). In addition, Kelsen retains the imperativalists monism but abandons their reductivism[S14]. On Kelsen’s view, law is characteriszed by a basic form and basic norm. The form of every law is that of a conditional order, directed at the courts, to apply sanctions if a certain behaviour (the â€Å"delict†) is performed. On this view, law is an indirect system of guidance;: it does not tell subjects what to do,; it tells officials what to do to its subjects under certain conditions. In HK, if Cap 210 Theft Ordinance s24 creates an offence of handling stolen goods which has penalties attached to it and the defendant handles stolen goods then the judge ought to apply the appropriate penalty[S15]. For Kelsen, as opposed to Austin, this is not just a case of the official being under a duty, but also having power or discretion in such situation. What we ordinarily regard as the legal duty not to handling stolen goods is for Kelsen merely a logical correlate of the primary norm which stipulates a sanction for handling stolen[S16] goods [4]. For the imperativalists, the unity of a legal system consists in the fact that all its laws are commanded by one sovereign. According to Kelsen[S17], it consists in the fact that they are all links in one chain of authority. For example, a by-law is legally valid because it is created by a corporation lawfully exercising the powers conferred on it by the legislature, which confers those powers in a manner provided by the constitution, which was[S18] itself created in a way provided by an earlier constitution. The very first constitution’s authority, says Kelsen, is â€Å"presupposed.†. Kelsen’s will view is that an HK Ordinance is legally valid because the Basic Law confers members of the Legislative Council[5] and the HK Government[6] the power to propose new legislation,, in the form of bills, which are considered by the Legislative Council for enactment.[7]. The Basic Law confers those powers in a manner provided by the Chinese Constitution Article 31,[8], whi ch was itself created in a way provided by an earlier constitution, Organic Law.[9][S19]. However[S20], it is not easy to identify the basic norm in HK society as Kelsen’s idea of the nature of the basic norm is unclear. Since basic norm does not have a specific content, and since it is primarily presupposed, its role in the validation of the other norms in the hierarchy can be fraught with obscurities. 1.3 H.L.A. Hart If law cannot ultimately be grounded in force, or in law[S21], or in a presupposed norm;, on what does its authority rest? H.L.A. Hart comes up with an answer for the above question,question[S22]; he resembles Kelsens emphasis on the normative foundations of legal systems, but rejects Kelsens view of authority in favour of an empirical one[10]. For Hart, the authority of law is social. The ultimate criterion of validity in a legal system is a social rule that exists only because it is actually practiced. Hart makes use of two types of rule – primary and secondary[S23]. Primary rules are those of obligation, which state what must or must not be done;. tThese are duty-imposing rules. Secondary rules are those of recognition, change and adjudication;. tThey are power-conferring rules designed to supplement the primary rules. The secondary rules affect the operation of the primary rules. People obey the primary rules under the legal system and the administrators of the system woul d also have to accept the rules of change, adjudication and recognition. It is an important feature of Harts account that the rule of recognition is an official custom, and not a standard necessarily shared by the broader community. If the imperativalists picture of the political system was pyramidal power, Harts is more like Webers[S24] rational bureaucracy. In HK, by looking at the legislation, we can identify many ordinances as primary rules. Examples are to be found from Cap 200 Crimes Ordinance and Cap 210 Theft Ordinance, etc. Hart[S25] tells us that these primary rules are needed concerning the free use of violence, theft and deception to which citizens are tempted but which they must, in general, repress if they are to coexist in close proximity to each other. The rule of recognition, classified as a secondary rule, is the ultimate rule which determines the existence and validity of other rules in a legal system[S26]. The rule of recognition resolves the problem of uncertainty as to the legality and validity of rules. HK’s rule of recognition can be found in the General Principles Chapter One of the Basic Law. For example, in the chapter, Article 2 of the Basic Law mentions that the National Peoples Congress (NPC) authoriszes the HKSAR to enjoy legislative power. Article 2 states that HKSAR shall safeguard the rights and freedoms of HK people. Article 8 states The laws previously in force in HK shall be maintained[S27]. Article 11 states that legislative and judicial systems, and the relevant policies, shall be based on the provisions of the Basic Law. No law enacted by the legislature of the HKSAR shall contravene the Law. Another type of secondary rules, the rules of change, enables changes to be made in the legal obligations which people may have under the duty-imposing primary rules of a legal system. There are two types of the rules of change: Private rules of change: these rules enable changes to be made in the legal relationships between private persons, for example, the rules of contract law and Cap 26 Sale of Goods Ordinance. Such rules confer power rather than imposing duties on HK residents in their private capacity. Public rules of change: these rules give public legislative officials the power to change the primary and other rules of a legal system. In HK, the main part of this rule lies at Article 73 of the Basic Law where it states that the Legislative Council has the power to amend laws in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law and legal procedures[S28]. The last type of secondary rules, the rules of adjudication confer power on judicial officials to carry out the process of adjudication where a law has been breached or a dispute has risen. In HK, the rules of adjudication can be found in Article 2 of the Basic Law which states that the NPC authoriszes the HKSAR to enjoy independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. In addition, Article 84 of the Basic Law confers the courts to adjudicate cases[S29]. 2. The Separability Thesis Positivists insist on the importance of the separation of law from morality. This thesis comprising the foundation of legal positivism is the separability thesis. This abstract formulation can be interpreted in a number of ways:. tThe most common view is that the separability thesis is interpreted as making only an object-level claim about the existence conditions for legal validity[S30]. As H.L.A[S31]. Hart describes it, the separability thesis is no more than the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so.[11]. According to Kelsen’s Pure theory of Law[S32], all elements impure or extraneous to law had to be split off, to leave a remnant of material which is essentially legal. Accordingly, all natural law, moral, religious, social, and other accretions that are not strictly law had to be eliminated. More recently, Klaus Faber[12][S33] interprets it as making a meta-level claim that the definition of law must be entirely free of moral notions. This interpretation implies that any reference to moral considerations in defining the related notions of law, legal validity, and legal system is inconsistent with the separability thesis. Based on these views, we can come to a conclusion that the object-level interpretation of the separability thesis denies that there are moral constraints on legal validity;, it implies the existence of a possible legal system in which there are no moral constraints on legal validity. In HK, it is beyond doubt that moral considerations bear on legal validity:. Ffor example, in the discussion of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Bill 2006 at the Bills Committee and the judicial review on the age of sexual consent for homosexuals, moral played an important role on legal validity. 3. The Discretion Thesis Discretion thesis is the view that judges make new law in deciding cases not falling clearly under a legal rule. A judge cannot decide a case that does not fall clearly under a valid rule by interpreting or applying the law; he/she must decide the case by creating or promulgating a law that did not exist prior to the adjudication.[13][S34] The discretion thesis does not belong to positivisms theoretical core, but many positivists regard the discretion thesis as a contingent claim that is true of some, but not all, possible legal systems. For example, Hart[S35] believes that there will inevitably arise cases that do not fall clearly under a rule, but concedes a rule of recognition could deny judges discretion to make law in such cases by requiring judges to disclaim jurisdiction or to refer the points not regulated by the existing law to the legislature to decide[14]. In HK, an example can be found in the case of HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu Others[15] (decided on 15 December 1999) (Ng Kung Siu). In this case, the Court of Final Appeal (CFA) has to decide whether s7 of the National Flag Ordinance and s7 of the Regional Flag Ordinance which criminalise the desecration of the national flag and the regional flag are inconsistent with the guarantee of the freedom of expression (Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Article 39 of the Basic Law). The court finally decided that Freedom of expression’ is not absolute and subject to certain restrictions: (a) respect of the rights or reputation of others; (b) the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. Further, it created or promulgated a law by stating that it is common ground that the burden [of proof] rests on the Government to justify any restriction[S36]. 4. Conclusion From the above discussion, we can see that Positivism’s Imperatival theory cannot explain why HK citizens agree with the Basic Law. In addition, it is not possible to identify the basic norm in HK society as Kelsen’s idea of the nature of the basic norm is unclear. Also, in HK, moral did play an important role on legal validity. Positivism theory can hardly fully explain the current HK legal system. Kelsen, Hans (1945). General Theory of Law and State, trans. A. Wedberg, repr. 1961. New York: Russell and Russell, p.61 Footnotes [1] Austin, John, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) p166. [2] Article 1 of the Basic Law: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an inalienable part of the Peoples Republic of China. [3] Article 22 of the Basic Law states: No department of the Central People’s Government and no province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Govt. may interfere in the affairs which the HK SAR administers on its own in accordance with the Law. [4] Kelsen, Hans (1945). General Theory of Law and State, trans. A. Wedberg, repr. 1961. New York: Russell and Russell, p.61. [5] Article 74 of the Basic Law. [6] Article 62 of the Basic Law. [7] Article 73 of the Basic Law. [8] Chinese Constitution (CC) Article 31: CC will not apply to HK directly, except CC Art 31 from which HK Basic Law was derived. â€Å"the state may establish special admin regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special admin regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the NPC in light of specific conditions. (therefore BL apply to HK, without any other explicit endorsement from NPC). Art 31 for HK, Macao and Taiwan. [9] Organic Law of the National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China was adopted by the Fifth Session of the Fifth National Peoples Congress on Dec 4, 1982 as Chinas Constitution. [10] Legal Positivism, First published Fri 3 Jan, 2003, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [11] Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 181-82. [12] Faber, Klaus, Farewell to Legal Positivism: The Separation Thesis Unraveling, in George, Robert P., The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 119-162. [13] Dworkin, Ronald M., Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), p.17. Ronald Dworkin describes this thesis as follows: â€Å"The set of these valid legal rules is exhaustive of the law, so that if someones case is not clearly covered by such a rule . . . then that case cannot be decided by applying the law. It must be decided by some official, like a judge, exercising his discretion, which means reaching beyond the law for some other sort of standard to guide him in manufacturing a fresh legal rule or supplementing an old one. [14] Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 272. [15] Ng Kung-siu Anor v HKSAR [1999] 1 HKLRD 783, 2 HKC 10 (Court of Appeal) and HKSAR v Ng Kung-siu Anor [1999] 3 HKLRD 907, [2000] 1 HKC 117 (Court of Final Appeal). [S1]You must have a title, it acts as a focus for the first page. [S2]Indented paragraphs look better. [S3]You must cite your source for everything you say like this. The marker must have the option of checking facts. [S4]A longer introduction required, elaborate more on what positivism is and what you intend to argue for. [S5]OK, true enough, but you must cite your source. [S6]Good use of footnotes, excellent. See end for my notes on what to put in a footnote though. [S7]good [S8]Don’t use American spellings [S9]Good, but you need to cite a source. [S10]The footnote should always come after the punctuation. [S11]Consider re-writing, good to use words like this, but used in slightly the wrong context, perhaps sentence structure needs work. [S12]Again wrong word, probably monasticism. [S13]Good to use the English spelling here when you did not earlier. [S14]Cite your source. [S15]Are you intending to imply that this does not happen on occasion? [S16]Good. [S17]You must cite the reference. [S18]Looks untidy having two whiches like this in the same sentence. [S19]This paragraph contains good information, but the English needs cleaning up a little, it does not read well. [S20]Should not start a paragraph with however. [S21]â€Å"or in law† doesn’t make a lot of sense. [S22]Cite your source. [S23]Source. [S24]Cite weber [S25]Where? cite a reference. [S26]Good. [S27]If you are quoting, use quotation marks â€Å" â€Å", not ‘ ‘. [S28]Good [S29]Again, good. [S30]Good. [S31]No need to use his initials, Hart will suffice. [S32]Cite your source. [S33]Good, you cite your source here but not elsewhere!!! [S34]Good. [S35]Reference. [S36]Good.

Nurses in Works Progress Administration Memories :: Nursing Careers Professions Medical Essays

Nurses in Works Progress Administration Memories Evidence from American Life Histories: The Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940 American nursing transformed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century from a family and community duty performed largely by untrained women in family homes, to paid labor performed by both trained and untrained women and men in a variety of settings. Distinctions between types of nurses increased in this transition. Life histories of nurses taken by Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.) writers in the late 1930s provide valuable insight into the experience of some of these nurses. Enthusiast historians within the leadership of professional organizations have commonly focused on the accomplishments of notable nurses and professional organizations in what became a narrative of professional and societal progress. This narrative, whole providing much rich historical data and analysis, ignores the vast majority of nurses’ experience and voices. In the mid nineteen eighties, as nursing was increasingly embattled in a growing health care industry, historians, some from outside the nursing profession, began to examine this history. Barbara Melosh examined written and oral accounts of nurses in American from 1920 and through the Second World War in The Physician’s Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. She found that while the reform aim for nurse leaders in this period was professionalization, other nurses resisted or were distant from this process. For these nurses, the shared experience of the changing of the demands and rewards of nursing shaped their work and thinking. [1] Melosh attempts to place nursing within the context of women’s, labor and medical history. She proposes that the growing divisions within nursing itself arose from nurses’ position in the medical hierarchy, and the fight for both legitimate authority and control over the work process itself. She also posits that nurses developed an â€Å"occupational culture† that placed manual skill and direct patient contact over theoretical training at the same time that nursing elites were successfully winn ing a battle for degrees and credentialing over the apprenticeship model of the nineteenth century. [2] Lastly, she finds that while stratification of nursing as paid labor mirrored societal relations of gender, race and class, the experience of both apprenticeship and professionalization contributed to the separation of nursing from pre modern roots.[3] Susan Reverby in Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945, finds that the story of American nursing revolved around the women and an obligation to care†¦in a society that refuses to value caring.

Library System Essay

Library is a place where people focus their attention in reading and making research which can help everyone gains knowledge. It is organized and maintained for the use of public body, institution, corporation, or private individual. The school library provides opportunities for the individuals with the focus on the intellectual content and information literacy to the learner. It contains books and other reference materials made available to the users for reading, studying and getting references. The books and reference materials are arranged on shelves according to the classification system used for the convenience of the users. Placing similar materials in one location helps the users find multiple items on a given subject more efficiently than those some items scattered within the library. The generation of computer age can be very useful in bridging the demand for library services and ability to provide these services. Deciding the most effective program for establishing an automated circulation system is a task that confronts librarian today. There are major library problems experienced around the world. Aside from Philippines, India and other countries libraries suffer from lack of proper library facilities and facing the problem of poor services, and most importantly unorganized circulation system and process of retrieving data is not efficient. Local libraries also faced several problems these are lack of financial resources and high cost of computer accessories has reduced the trends in the adoption of automated library system in school libraries while such has limited access to a variety of information on stored data. The thesis writers observed that the process of inquiring books and retrieving the borrowed and returned book were done manually in Santa Monica Institute. In this, the borrower spent more time in every process of circulating books in Santa Monica Institute. Thus, the thesis writers were interested to design and to develop the Automated Library Circulation System of Santa Monica Institute – Mabini library to improve its operation in order to provide effective services. Literature Background The evolution of technology has undoubtedly increased the variety of resources available in libraries today. It is especially fueling increased user demands and expectations for information resources and their timely delivery. The impact of the changing technology helps in designing library automation. A. G. Nkhoma-Wamunza stated that â€Å"library automation is a process which involves linking computers electronically within and outside the institution, entering library resources in a database to create an Open Access Catalogue, which allows users to access and retrieve information in a timely manner. † It gained wide acceptance globally due to its many benefits potentials including improved performance efficiency and delivery of quality service in library. Library Circulation is one of those sections of the library that needs automation. It comprises the activities around the lending of  library  books and other materials to users of a  lending library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians. Librarian  is a person who works professionally in a  library, and is usually trained in librarianship and experts of finding, organizing and interpreting information needed. They are the guardians of materials inside the library. The reference desk of the library is a public in service counter where professional librarians provide direction to the materials, advice on the collections and services, and expertise on the multiple kinds of information from multiple sources to the library users. Library user is the borrower of the library materials which can be brought at home / classroom. It can be a student, teacher, patron and even outsider who are greatly benefited on the proposed system. School administration is an important part of our education system. Administrators face a variety of issues on a daily basis. Take a look at strategies and techniques used to combat those issues. The UP College of Science Library System located at Diliman, Quezon city is one of the existing library system that uses online library system. It has many capabilities it allows to view information about the library and its services. The system also provides information about new titles, library hours and has link that will allow user to contact the library through e-mail. UP College Science is similar to the proposed system because it allows searching of books and other library materials. The library system is implemented to provide user fast and quick access of information. Automated Library System referred as a cost effective and space saving alternative to common document shelving technologies, addressing the need for space efficiency, secure and automated document and records handling. ALS is a design and software solution focused on the reliability and maintainability. The solution, developed by team of experienced industry professionals is supported by comprehensive services including on-site maintenance, spare parts, modernization, upgrades and expansions. HK has been installing system utilizing this technology for the past forty years. ALS have been installed at institutions throughout North America. Automated Library System for Navotas City Library (2010). They have two computers in the library without automated library system. The Automated System for Navotas City Library is to facilitate the inventor, lending and returning of books in electronic, systematic and orderly manners. In addition, it aims to cope with the trends of technology today for the library and to the library and to have a system that will attract more users. to the library, therefore, appreciation on the library can contribute it to the information needed by the students, workers, and researchers especially to the people of Navotas City. Bodiongan (2000). The researcher found that the process of retrieving data and information are not efficient. So the borrower takes time in finding information because the materials are not properly returned to the right arrangement. The process of retrieving and keeping records of the borrowers is time consuming due to low quality of the borrower’s card. The library has a huge collection of books so the borrower takes time in sorting information from the card catalogue. The library assistant takes time in searching the borrower’s records because there are some instances that some of the borrower’s card are not properly returned. Curan (2011). In her study, the researcher observed that the process of inquiring books and retrieving the borrowed and returned book were done manually. In this, the borrower spent more time in every process of circulating books. The researcher conclude that the system has great help in minimizing the time consume in borrowing and retrieving data. The system provides accurate and secure keeping of data, and can generate report immediately. Code of ethics of Library Association adopted at the 1939 Midwinter Meeting by the ALA Council; amended June 30, 1981; June 28, 1995; and January 22, 2008 states that â€Å"we protect each library user’s right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted. † Privacy is essential to the exercise of free speech, free thought, and free association. Identifiable information about users is confidential and the library keeps that information private and confidential on their behalf. This policy is intended to prevent the unauthorized use of our patrons’ personal information, and to protect the privacy of this information. Librarians are responsible for keeping the information’s security needed for the reference of the user and provide better service to the borrowers. Section 10 Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates that: Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The state shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate and self- reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive system and national life. Technology plays great role for the improvement of an institution. The continuous growth of technology leads to many inventions for the improvement of the institution one of this is the Santa Monica Institute. Technology help provide system that would provide user better service in this institutions. Section 12, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates stated: The state shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology. Through the use of technology, it can help the institution to improve process with the use of the proposed system that involves private groups to indentify the features that needs improvement to provide better service. Section 13, Republic Act 8293 mandates stated: The state shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. This states that the researchers should protect the right to defend the study and portability of data. In this study, the researchers should protect and secure the proposed system with the use of password to avoid the alteration of information. THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem. The main purpose of the study is to design and developed Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System that would serve as a proposal to minimize time in searching books and generate reliable and accurate reports. Specifically, the study answers the following questions: 1. What are the features of the system that needs improvement? 2. To what extent of the performance of the proposed system in terms of 3. 1 Security; 3. 2 Human Interface; 3. 3 Requirements; and 3. 4 Performance/ Reliability. Significance of the study The study would be beneficial to the following: School Administration. This study could be used as basis in implementing library improvement and development. Librarian. It enables her to respond to the borrower’s request immediately. Borrowers. They are greatly benefitted because they can get immediate response on their requests. Future Researchers. This study enhances the capability in making the system. It gives essence on how computerization really helps on developing one’s institution and on how library system operates. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Design The researcher used the Descriptive Survey and Experimental method with the use of a self-made questionnaire and software evaluation tool. The descriptive survey or questionnaire was used to determine the problems encountered by the librarian and library users, and the features of the existing system that needs improvement. The experimental method or the evaluation tool was used to ascertain the acceptability level of automated system. Environment and Participants The study was conducted in Santa Monica Institute, Poblacion 1, Mabini, Bohol. The school administration, librarian, borrowers were the respondents. The librarian will be the user of the proposed system. Data Gathering Instruments. The researcher used two instruments, the self-made questionnaire and the evaluation tool. Self-made questionnaire is a guide used to interview the respondents to get information about the Library Circulation System. This was constructed based on the present transactions at Santa Monica Institute. The evaluation tool was employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. This tool was secured from the internet and related books. The tool was modified and respond to the needs of user and tasked to rate the items using a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire and evaluation tool are attached in appendix B and C. The researcher also used the context diagram, system flowchart, IPO (Input Process Output) and HIPO (Hierarchical Input – Process – Output) in designing the proposed software. These tools are necessary for the development of the system. Procedure The thesis writers interviewed the librarian to have an idea, information and other important details about the flow of operation in the library. Statistical Treatment To ascertain the level of acceptability of the system in library cataloging this formula was used: ?fx N ?fx N Weighted mean, X = where: f = frequency x = weight N = number of responses The Likert-type scale was used for scaling the acceptability level of the system software. Scale| Range| Categorical Response| Description| 5| 4. 20-5. 00| Strongly Acceptable| The system exceeds expectations and outstandingly performs the job requirements or 100% acceptable. | 4| 3. 40-4. 19| Moderately Acceptable| The system highly fulfills the job requirements or 80% acceptable. | 3| 2. 60-3. 39| Acceptable | The system meets the job requirements or 60% acceptable. | 2| 1. 80-2. 59| Slightly Acceptable| The system slightly meets the job requirements or 40% acceptable. | 1| 1. 00-1. 79| Not Acceptable| The system fails to meet the job requirements or 20% acceptable. | DEFINITION OF TERMS Automated library circulation system. It is a system that involves systematic storing of information which includes the book, borrowers and generating reports. Borrowers. Library users can be student or a teacher who can lend books which is brought at home/ classroom. Circulation system. It is the process of circulating of library materials which includes borrowing and returning of library materials. Context diagram. It is used by the thesis writers to scope the project as it provides a visual model of the interactions between the system and the outside entities that interface with the solutions . Data flow diagram. It shows the part of the system which includes the same process but being automated. It is involved in converting data to generate reports. HIPO. Hierarchical Input-Process-Output a high-level view of the functions performed by a system as its functions and software implementation. IPO. Input Process Output these are the components or elements that make-up the system. It is also described as tools on the design of the entire software. Library. A room or building where a collection of books, periodicals, etc. , are kept for reading or reference, or public or private institution in-charge of the care and circulation of such collection. Library materials. Use in this study in order to include books of various kinds, periodicals, newspapers, magazines, vertical files consisting of clippings, pamphlets and the audio-visual materials which include maps, globes, charts and pictures. Library system. It is a systematic way of placing books, journals, magazines and others that would provide the need of the users. System Flowchart. It is formalized graphic representation of a program logic sequence, work or manufacturing processes, organizing chart or similar formalized structsure. Chapter 2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA A. Present System System Narrative Students/teachers inquired the librarian on borrowing and returning of books. If the students wanted to borrow, they were required to have their library card and place in the folder. For the teachers they were only required to give their ID card and pass it to the librarian. After receiving, the librarian gave the book card to the students / teachers and filled-up the information needed in borrowing the book and gave it back to the librarian before the book was given to the borrower. Borrowed book was returned before the due date. Upon returning it, the librarian gave the identification card of the borrower. If the book returned late, penalty was imposed. If cases of lost book, the borrower was required to pay the exact amount of the book or replaced the book either. Generating report was done after the inventory. It is done twice a year, before the school year starts and school year ends. * Borrowed Book * Library Card * Borrower’s Information Librarian Folder Borrower * Reports Administration * Borrowed Book * Library Card * Borrower’s Information Librarian Folder Borrower * Reports Administration Figure 1. 0 Conceptual Diagram Event Specifications 1. Student/ Teacher make inquiry. Student/Teacher 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Book Information * Response * Inquiry Student/Teacher 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Book Information * Response * Inquiry Borrower Borrower 2. Student/ Teacher borrows book. 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book. * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 3. Borrower returns book. Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record 4. Librarian generates reports. Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information. * Reports Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Findings / Constraints The librarian took time in giving response to the inquiry of the student/teacher because records were not organized. To provide immediate response to the inquiry, data must be systematized. The student/teacher spent time in borrowing because the librarian got the problem in retrieving the records of available books, because some books were lost and not properly returned. To minimize the time consume in borrowing, all records must be automated for quick access. They had the same problem encountered in returning the books because the librarian found it hard in retrieving the students’ records. To provide fast process in returning, the records of the borrower must be computerized for quick access. The librarian has delayed in submitting reports. To generate early reports, the data must be systematized. Flowchart F T Main Menu Input User’s Name Input Password If Valid X F T Main Menu Input User’s Name Input Password If Valid X Begin Begin Log-in Log-in X X Display Message Display Message Main Menu Main Menu Display Main Screen Display Main Screen A A User Select Button. User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T Transaction Transaction If Transactions If Transactions F F T T If Records If Records Records Records F F T T If Reports If Reports Reports Reports F F T T If Utility If Utility Utility Utility F F T T If System User If System User System User System User F F T T If About If About About About F F A A Transactions Transactions Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen B B User Select Button User Select Button If Borrow If Borrow T T Borrow Borrow F F T T Return Return If Return If Return F F. B B Records Records Display Records Screen Display Records Screen Display Records Screen Display Records Screen C C User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T If Books If Books Books Books Books Books If Books If Books F F O O O O If Accession If Accession Accession Accession If Accession If Accession T T F F If Borrowers If Borrowers T T Borrowers Borrowers If Borrowers If Borrowers F F T T If Book Penalty If Book Penalty Book Penalty Book Penalty If Book Penalty If Book Penalty F F T T If Placement And Classification If Placement And Classification Placement and Classification. Placement and Classification If Placement and Classification If Placement and Classification F F If Borrowers Penalty If Borrowers Penalty T T Borrower penalty Borrower penalty If Borrower penalty If Borrower penalty F F T T If Master List If Master List Master List Master List Master List Master List F F C C Reports Reports Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen D D User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T If Book Information If Book Information Book Information Book Information F F If Borrowers Information If Borrowers Information T T Borrowers Information Borrowers Information F F If Top Borrowers If Top Borrowers Top Borrowers Top Borrowers T T F F T T If Due Books If Due Books Due Books Due Books F F If Lost Books If Lost Books T T Lost Books Lost Books F F D D Utility Utility Display Utility Screen Display Utility Screen E E User Select Button User Select Button If Backup and Restore Database If Backup and Restore Database T T Backup and Restore Database Backup and Restore Database F F T T If Clean Database If Clean Database Clean Database Clean Database F F E E System User System User Display System Screen. Display System Screen F F User Select Button User Select Button T T If User Account If User Account User Account User Account F F L L L L F F T T If Switch User If Switch User Switch User Switch User F F T T If Log Off If Log Off Log off Log off If Lock If Lock F F If Exit If Exit T T Exit Exit If Exit If Exit F F F F About About Display System Screen Display System Screen H H Display System Screen Display System Screen User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button If Thesis Writers If Thesis Writers T T Thesis Writers Thesis Writers If Researcher If Researcher F F H H B. Proposed System. System Rules Library Circulation policy is to organize both book records and borrower‘s information and keep track for easy and quick access. This is encrypted with password and only the authorized person is allowed to access for the safety of the information. Some library materials such as pamphlets, magazine and CD’s are also included in the process. These materials are input in the system with the title and corresponding accession numbers, and it is sorted whenever it is needed. Borrowers are only allowed to borrow three (3) books per day for overnight and over week end and have duration of three (3) days. Overnight books are to be taken from 4:30 to 5:00 pm. and to be returned at 7:15-7:30 on the following day. The over weekend books are to be taken from the library on the Friday afternoon from 4:30-5:00 pm. , and to be returned at 7:15-7:30 on Monday morning. If the student exceed the given due date, penalty will be imposed. It will be calculated and will be paid. The payment of the penalty is done at the cashier and only official receipt is needed that is being input on the system. Context Diagram 0 Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System Borrower Administration * Reports * Response. * Released Book * Penalty * Receipt * Inquiry * Library Card * Book Title * Book Card * Borrowed Book * Identification Card 0 Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System Borrower Administration * Reports * Response * Released Book * Penalty * Receipt * Inquiry * Library Card * Book Title * Book Card * Borrowed Book * Identification Card Event List: 1. Borrower makes inquiry. 2. Borrower borrows book. 3. Borrower returns book. 4. Librarian generates report. Event Specifications 1. Student/ Teacher make inquiry. 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Student/Teacher Book Information * Response * Inquiry 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Student/Teacher Book Information * Response * Inquiry Borrower Borrower 2. Student / Teacher borrows book. 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 3. Borrower returns book. Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record Borrowers Book Information. * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record 4. Librarian generates reports. Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Process Specification Process 1. 0 Student/ Teacher makes Inquiry Begin If student / teacher make inquiry Accept inquiry If inquiry about available book Open available book Retrieve list of available book Close available book Else if inquiry about registration Open book configuration form. Input borrower’s ID, borrower’s Full name, Address, cell number, age, gender, borrower’s type, year level and section. Register borrower End if End Process 2. 0 Student/ Teacher borrow book. Begin If borrower borrow book Accept borrowing If borrower is new Register borrower Open borrower’s configuration form Input borrower’s ID, borrowers name, address, cell number, age, gender, borrower’s type year level and section Close borrower’s configuration form Else if borrower is old Open book issue form Retrieve borrower’s ID, borrower’s name, book info, accession no, ISBN, book title, date issued, due date and purpose. Close book issue form End if End Process 3. 0 Borrower returns book. Begin Do while borrower’s return book Open return form Input borrower’s ID Retrieve borrower’s ID, borrowers name, accession no, ISBN, book title, date issued, due date, date returned and penalty Close return form End Process 4. 0 Librarian generates report. Begin Do while librarian receive memorandum Accept memorandum Retrieve list of books Generate repots of list of book If reports report about books Open inventory report Retrieve total number of books, damage. Lost Print report Close book report Else if reports about other library materials. Open other library materials Retrieved number of copies lost and damage Close library materials End if End Database Design It is a preliminary plan of software, where the collection of related data is organized for convenient access with the use of computer. Accession – contains the number of copies of the certain book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| ID number of the user| Acession_no| Text| 30| Number of the copy of the book| Copies| Text| 80| Number of copies| ISBN| Text| 30| International Standard book number| Date_received| Text| 50| Date received|. Borrowers_fulln-ame| Text| 50| Borrower’s full name| Status| Text| 10| Lost / Returned| Account – contains the username and password of the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | User_ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| User_Name| Text| 20| Name of the user| Complete_Name| Text| 30| Complete name of the user| Password| Text| 10| Password of the user| Account_Type| Text| 20| Limited/ administrator| User_Account| Yes/No| 20| Limited/ administrator| Log| Yes/No| 20| Log| Borrow| Yes/No| 20| Borrow| Return| Yes/No| 20| Return| Book| Yes/No| 20| Book|. Stat| Yes/No| 20| Status| Placement| Yes/No| 20| Features| Format| Yes/No| 20| Features| Borrowers| Yes/No| 20| Features of borrower| Up_penalty| Yes/No| 20| Penalty | Book_r| Yes/No| 20| Book| Return_r| Yes/No| 20| Date returned| Date_due| Yes/No| 20| Due date| Inventory_r| Yes/No| 20| Inventory reports| Catalog_r| Yes/No| 20| Catalog | Backup| Yes/No| 20| Back up files| Account_log – contains the time in and out of the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | Log_ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| User_ID| Text| 10| ID number of the user|. Timer_login| Text| 20| Time log in | Timer_logout| Text| 20| Time log out| Dte| Text| 30| Date| Remarks| Text| 10| Remarks| Book – contains the information of the book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| ISBN| Text| 30| Unique no of the book| Book_Title| Text| 200| Title of book| Other_title| Text| 200| Sub title of the book| Other_physical| Text| 200| Other Physical details| Author1| Text| 50| Name of the 1st author| Author2| Text| 50| Name of the 2nd author| Author3| Text| 50| Name of the 3rd author|. Notes| Text| 100| Notes| Publisher| Text| 255| Name of the publisher| Place_publication| Text| 200| Place of publication| Placement_code| Text| 20| Placement code| Book_no| Text| 10| Number of the book| Author_no| Text| 200| Author number| Subject1| Text| 255| Subject| Subject2| Text| 255| Subject| Subject3| Text| 255| Subject| Format| Text| 20| Book classification| Edition| Text| 200| Number of edition| Copyright_year| Text| 10| Copyright year| Date_received| Date/ Time| General date| Date received| Source| Text| 15| Donated/ purchased| Pages| Text| 5| Number of pages| Amount| Number| Long integer| Amount of the book| Total_copies| Number| Long integer| Total number of copies| Book_borrowed – contains the book borrowed by the borrower. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User Id| Borrowers_Id| Text| 10| Borrower’s ID| Borrowers_Name| Text| 30| Borrower’s name| Accession_no| Text| 10| Number of copies of the book| Copies| Text| 10| Number of copies| ISBN| Text| 20| International standard book number| Book_Title| Text| 200| Title of the book| Date_Issued| Date/ time| General date| Date issued| Date_Due| Date/ time| General date| Due date|. Date_Returned| Date/ time| General date| Date returned| Time_Due| Date/ time| General date|Due time| Purpose| Text| 15| Overnight/ over weekend| Penalty| Text| 15| Paid/ unpaid| Status| Text| 15| In/ out| Remarks| Text| 10| Returned/ unreturned| Borrowers_info – contains borrower’s personal information. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| Borrowers_ID| Text| 30| Borrower’s ID| Complete_Name| Text| 100| Borrower’s Full Name| Gender| Text| 20| Gender| Age| Text| 10| Age of the borrower| Address| Text| 80| Address of the borrower|. Cell_Number| Text| 20| Cell number | Type| Text| 20| Student/ teacher| Year_level| Text| 50| Year level| Section| Text| 30| Section| No_borrowed| Number| Long integer| No of book borrowed| Total_borrowed| Number| Long integer| Total no of book borrowed| Event_list – contains of all the event done by the librarian on the system. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| Number of data| User_ID| Number| Long integer| User ID| Event| Text| 40| Event| Event_date| Date/ time| General date| Event time | Event_time| Date/ time| General date| Event date|. Format – classification of the book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| Number of data| Format| Text| 200| Classification of book| Inventory – actual counting of all library materials. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| ISBN| Text| 50| International standard book number| Total_copies| Text| 10| Total copies| Copies_on_hand| Text| 10| Copies on hand| Copies_borrowed| Text| 10| Copies borrowed| Copies_lost| Text| 10| Copies lost|. Penalty – contains to the amount to be paid by the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| Format| Text| 200| Overnight/ over weekend| First_hour| Text| 10| Penalty for first hour | Next_hour| Text| 10| Penalty for the next hour| First_day| Text| 10| Penalty for the first day| Next_day| Text| 10| Penalty for the next day| Days_limit_for_borrow| Text| 10| Days limit| Placement – contains the code that is being replace. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID|.

Ancient Egypt Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies, Free Essays

Ancient Egypt Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies, Free Essays Ancient Egypt Between 3100 and 332 B.C was the rise and climax of one of the richest and oldest ancient civilizations. It?s lifeline was the Nile river in the Nile valley. Here, Egyptian dynasties ruled from the first cataract of the Nile to the Mediterranean Sea. At the it?s height it ruled an empire that reached from Syria in the east to Nubia in the south. In this report I will be covering the Archaic Period, the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom the New Kingdom and The Late Period or 3100-332 B.C. Archaic Period: 3100 B.C to 2750 B.C There long history began with there first King who began the first Egyptian dynasty. In 3100 B.C Pharaoh Menes united upper and lower Egypt. Making Egypt?s first empire. In doing so, he made the Egyptian double crown. It was made by putting the red crown of Lower Egypt on top of the white crown of upper Egypt. Menes ruled from the ancient city of Thinis near Abydos. Under his reign the first hieroglyphic writing was made. He is also credited with making his empire interdependent. Old Kingdom: 2750 B.C to 2181 B.C / First Intermediate Period: 2182-2260 Little is known about Menes successors until the reign of Zoser at the end of the 3rd dynasty. His capital was located at Memphis on the Nile?s west bank. He built the world?s first pyramid and the first building of that size to be entirely made of stone. Even though it was a pyramid it wasn?t a true pyramid, but a step pyramid. After the reign of the last king of the Sixth dynasty (the last dynasty in the old kingdom.) Pepi II in 2181 B.C, there was a period of crisis and social upheaval known as the First Intermediate Period. The reasons leading up to this dark time, was a series of low floods and the result was famine during the Sixth dynasty. This undermined the stability of Egypt and provoked rebellion. What followed put Egypt in rapid decline. With no central power the provinces became independent states the were often at war with each other. To make the situation worse was a penetration of nomadic foreigners into the delta region of the Nile Valley. Middle Kingdom: 2061-1784 B.C/Second Intermediate Period 1633-1570 B.C The accession in 2060 B.C. of Mentuhotep II of Thebes the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom, ended 90 years of conflict with a dynasty established a Herakleopolis, south of Memphis. This strong Eleventh Dynasty ruler restored order in Egypt. He drove the Asiatics from the delta and campaigned against the Libyans and nomadic tribes in the Sinai and the eastern desert. Trade also expanded to Nubia, Syria and Palestine under his reign. Mentuhotep II reigned for 50 years and was buried at Deir el-Bahri. Under the reign of Sesostris II (1897-1878 B.C) huge irrigation works were built at the oasis at Faiyum. Sesostris III (1878-1843) expanded Egypt?s southern border to the second cataract. At such times of powerful rulers, Egypt was governed by an efficient administration. Taxation provided much of the wealth and was carefully organized. A census of fields and of all cattle was taken every two years. In addition to tax calculation and collection, another important official function was the building up reserves of grain stocks to prevent famine after a bad harvest. The state controlled all foreign trade and owned the mines and quarries. After the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty in 1633 B.C Egypt fell into another period of decline known as the second intermediate period. During this period Egypt was divided into four areas: the southern area ruled by 17th dynasty Theban rulers, the central area that owed allegiance to Thebes, the 15th and 16th dynasties or the Hyksos that ruled most of the delta and the 14th dynasty that ruled a small are in the delta. The Hyksos identity is not known and there was no evidence that they invaded Egypt. This suggest that there takeover was peaceful as a result of their increased population in the delta. During the middle kingdom the Hyksos were employed by the state of Egypt to mine in the Sinai mines and in Egypt itself. Later their population in the delta was so large that it was larger than the Egyptian population the delta, so this was the probable cause of there takeover. The Hyksos rule over Egypt was very unpopular with the people of Egypt and according to tradition Hyksos were an anarchy, who were accused of

Smartphone Software

Smartphone Software Introduction Smart phone is a mobile phone which is based on a mobile computing platform. It has more advanced computing capabilities and networking as compared to a contemporary mobile phone. The first smart phones were developed to join the operations of a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smartphone Software specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, Smartphone devices are used to combine operations of portable media players, compact digital cameras, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation units. Today, Smartphone includes web browsers that can properly navigate web pages rather than websites. They also include high-resolution touch screens, mobile, broadband, and fast data access through Wi-Fi. Modern smart phones use various software such as Nokia’s Symbian, Microsoft Windows Mobile, and Apple’s ios, Windows phone, Blackberry Operating S ystem; Android and embedded Linux (Yang Zheng, 2007). This software is installed on various smart phone models, and each device can get several software updates over the lifetime. The difference between smart phones and other phones is vague, as there is no explanation on the difference between them. The crucial difference that can be established is the advanced application programming interfaces on smart phones. This enables applications to integrate with the Smartphone’s operating system and its. Smart phones have been developed in the last decade. Initially, business professionals used smart phones, but today they are accessible to the public. The purpose of this research paper is to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various Smartphone’s software applications. Smart phone soft ware Nokia’s Symbian is one of the first Smartphone softwares. The operating system was developed for ordinary gaming, basic media, and text messaging operations, as well as basic e-mail and web surfing operations (Frederick, 2010). The software has several advantages.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, it offers a combination of leading edge mobile technology and various ranges of run times. It has led to development of million Symbian devices that provide an excellent opportunity to deliver profitable applications in the market. It provides all features required to test applications for Symbian devices on a P.C. In addition, Smartphone helps in developing the VGA screen resolution, which facilitates the development for the Nokia E6 device. The software provides updated browser, which is installed in Nokia phones. The three-plane architecture provides improved data flow performance. Symbian software supports Korean and Chinese languages. It enables a person to develop applications using Qt, C++, and Web Runtime. Nokia Symbia has va rious disadvantages (Firtman, 2010). For instance, Symbian 3 uses numerical keypad, which is not proficient in the word of prediction and autocorrelation. The operating system has unimpressive browser causing users to seek help of third party applications such as opera mobile to get browsing experience. Its online music store, Ovi music, did not receive positive responses. It does not allow the user to purchase all movies, music videos, and TV shows. The software has few applications as compare to other software such as windows phone (Firtman, 2010). It has few third party applications compared to Android and iPhone. Nokia Symbia application system lacks social integration as it supports face book right now. Blackberry is another operating system installed in smart phones. This software mostly focuses on providing information through advanced e-mail and web surfing capabilities. The software receives e-mails from anywhere as long as it can locate a network. Blackberry operating syst em has various advantages (Firtman, 2010). For example, the development of push emails technology, which is available in most smart phones. It enables the user to receive e-mails in real time as soon as they are reflected in user’s inbox. It helps in compressing data that is transmitted through RIM servers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Smartphone Software specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This leads to saving massive costs that could be accrued due to severe bandwidth depletion. Blackberry operation system enables the user to access the cheapest Internet services. Blackberry phones have magnificent QWERTY keyboard, which makes typing easy and fluid. Blackberry software has various challenges. First, it makes blackberry phones to be of a poor call quality in 3G mode. The phone keeps getting supplementary service errors. The operating system makes it difficult for users to download large files (Firtm an, 2010). They are able to download files of over 2.9mb to 4.8mb. Blackberry services, like e-mail browsing, require service books to function. If the service books are not advanced the services will not function. The operation system has slow and average browser. Although data is compressed, loading WebPages on curve 3G takes some time and web components are scattered on the screen. It takes a long time to reboot black berry phones. In soft reboot, the phone is switched off but all applications are left running prior to shutdown. It is difficult to watch YouTube videos on a blackberry device, as it does not support streaming FLV files (Fling, 2009). Another Smartphone operating system is the iPhone Ios. Apple Company developed this software in 2007. It is the software installed in apple phones such as iphone, the iPod Touch, and the ipad. When it started it could only support Apple applications. Today it can multitask as the apple company developed a new version in 2010 (Fling, 20 09). The iphone is popular and one of the best parts at third party applications. This software is easy to use and easy to access. The software has other advantages as compared to the other software. It has improved camera performance. It performs an order of high magnitude than the other software. It focuses quickly, take pictures, and gets back to screen quickly. The camera also has a digital zoom feature, which enables the user to create folders on the screen. This helps in reducing the number of home screens by putting applications in the folders.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It contains a spell check application to aid typing. The spell check allows the user to select the word he means instead of arbitrarily choosing one for the user. It supports a unified inbox, all the emails go to a master inbox instead of a separate inboxes. The software also enables blackberry phones to multi task (Fling, 2009). The user can now switch between applications as fast as possible. This is a considerable benefit as many applications have the background support. The operating system also has various weaknesses, which need to be improved. Semi threaded emails enable users to see messages received in a conversation, but not the sent messages. This implies that the user will only be able to see half of the conversation. There is no real improvement on iPod devices. The current iPod device is identical to what has been available in the last three years (Firtman, 2010). The software cannot allow the user to put additional ringing tones. There is no lock screen improvement. Th e user has to unlock the device to interact with missed messages, calls, and voice mails. There is no attachment supporting email. The user is not able to attach something to the messaging once he has started composing it. Android is a Smartphone operating system based on Linux and sponsored by Google. Today, there are about 90000 Android operating systems applications. This makes the software as one of the most known systems. The operating system is the world best selling Smartphone platform. It has a large market for third party applications (Firtman, 2010). One of its substantial benefits is the ability to multitask. This makes it the most reliable and sensible device to Smartphone customers. It is one of the best user-friendly softwares in the world. It is also remarkably easy to customize the operating system. It provides an option of removable batteries, which enables the user to insert an extra battery. It also has an option for expandable memory, which is useful, if the inte rnal memory is small. Most mobile phone companies such as Samsung electronics and Motorola use it to run their smart phones. There are different types of devices such as music players, which run Android Operating System, making it the most popular. It is easy to install and download applications from Android operating system. The procedures of removing applications are not time consuming as in other phones. New versions of Android are launched every three months this means more applications and improvements. The prices for this devices are not high, so many customers can afford them. This operating system has some challenges. The ability to customize may create problems in the near future (Firtman, 2010). When the user customizes the phone, he is bound to make a mistake. Android phones have a small screen size this makes other competitors a better option. Launching new versions now and then may make some users unhappy. This is because not every user is capable of updating his phone. The Apple Company is offering better and a large number of applications than Android market. This makes it extremely costly for Android to compete in the market. Finally, Windows phone 7 is the latest operating system in the market. It was released in October 2010. It uses a mobile version of Internet explorer. Adobe is included in the operating system with a mobile version of flash. The operating system updates is delivered through Microsoft updates. This is the latest operating system, and it has various advantages. It has a pure and elegant main screen. It allows easy access, to voice mail and call history. It consists of excellent zune based interface, which enables the user to play music and media (Fling, 2009). It enables the user to upload photos automatically, to sky drive. The operating system is easy to update by zune software. It enables the user to open multiple tabs and web pages. It also enables the user to link profiles from several locations into a single contact. L ike other software, windows phone 7 has various problems. The battery and signal status are not always visible. There is no multitasking for third party application. There are extremely limited Bluetooth options. Users cannot be able to customize their devices (Firtman, 2010). There is no unified inbox for emails. The keyboard layouts in this phone discourage strong passwords. Windows phone 7 makes to be difficult for the user to move files around on the main screen. Conclusion Smart phone software has been developed in the modern technology. There are several software applications in the market. The applications have more advantages as compared to the feature phones. Most users prefer the Smartphone software as they are easy to operate and they consist of various applications. They are user friendly and they help users in accessing the internet. They have several challenges but advantages outweigh disadvantages. Reference List Firtman, M. (2010). Programming the mobile web. Chicago : OReilly Media. Fling, B. (2009). Mobile design and development. Chicago: OReilly Media. Frederick, G. (2010). Beginning smart phone web development. New York: Apress. Yang, B., Zheng, P. (2007). Professional microsoft smartphone programming. Hong Kong: Wrox.

P3725 case 21 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

P3725 case 21 - Essay Example On the other hand, untreated periodontitis can lead to early tooth loss. According to Ere and Genco (2007), â€Å"periodontal disease is highly prevalent in older adults, affecting 34% of the American population ages greater than 30 years and it is severe in 13% .† Patient with certain genetic traits or systemic diseases such as diabetes, smokers, stress, medication, clenching, or grinding teeth suffer from increase susceptibility. Reducing gingivitis and destructive periodontal diseases among adults is one of the important oral health objectives since it entails proving good oral preventive instruction care. As a student, I want to contribute to the efforts aimed at decreasing prenatal disease care particularly with respect to the case of Mr. B. I have seen a number of patients with some periodontal disease. Such encounters have been very fundamental in broadening my knowledge and understanding on care related to such infections, a move that would be very critical in helping such patients. One of such cases is that of Mr. B who is 48 year-old male, divorced, and works 3-4 days a week far from home. Currently, he is serving as a salesperson. He happens to have been complaining of the appearance of the yellowing and stains teeth. Over the last three years, he has been to a dental specialist after every 4 months for checkups and cleaning. This patient clenches and grinds the teeth in the daytime and night. He does not floss and regularly uses hard tooth brush 3 times a week for approximately one minute with hydrogen peroxide and baking soda tooth paste. He has been smoking two packets of cigarettes per day and has not plan to quite any time soon. Also, he consumes four cups of coffee daily. The patient has type II diabetes und er control with medication. The last physician visit was for hyperthyroidism thyroid gland with medication. He strives to reach a

Chronic Conditions Prevention and Management Assignment - 1

Chronic Conditions Prevention and Management - Assignment Example Secondly, cancer has many causative agents which include viruses like the human papilloma virus, radiations, and unprotected sex among other factors. Cancer has a long latency period implying that it can take along period before the effects are seen. Latency period depends on factors like degree of exposure to the risk, causative agent and immune competency of an individual and the site of inoculation of the causative agent (Pories, Moses and Lotz, 2009) Cancer is a disease known to affect all segments of the Australian population. However, the older people are primary the biggest victims. As such, the framework targets people aged between 50 years and 70 years. Greene & Heniford (2010) state that incidents of cancer increase exponentially with advancement in age. It is for this reason that different scholars like McVie (2006) and Pories, Moses & Lotz (2009) have come up with studies that are focused on mitigating the effects of the disease among the elderly. Members of the targeted population are not only at higher risk of contracting the disease but also face various challenges in recovery from the condition. When determining the treatment procedures for the group, care givers are always required to focus on the overall health of the individuals in question as well as their ability to keep up with their family activities. Different sets of conditions influence how the people aged between 50 and 75 cope with cancer. Most of the sta ccatos are related to their physical health. Age is not only a cancer risk factor but also an aspect that influences the probability of suffering from other related conditions and injuries. The aging process among this target population is a very complex issue. Foot & Sanson-Fisher (2005) notes that the actual age and the physical wellbeing of the members of this sample affects how they respond to cancer and their mental wellbeing. The other major characteristic of this group is their physical ability to respond to the