TOURISM MARKETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TOURISM MARKETING - Coursework Example The reliability of online communication proves to be efficient in the delivery of information to tourists from diversified regions across the globe. The availability of social media provides relevant methods for the tourism industry to market its services. Tourists have the advantages to make reservations and advanced bookings through online communication means and do not have to be physically present at their preferred tourist destinations to make bookings. Marketing is one of the most reliable impacts that the travel and tourism industry benefits from, both online communication ansd social media. Impacts of Online Communication and Social Media on Travel and Tourism Marketing In the twenty first century the marketing process of travel and tourism made viral marketing possible, which refers to the process whereby the industry applies several marketing methods relying on the use of social media and online communication (Sigala & Gretzel, 2012). Through a sensitive review of the touri sm body, there is an offer on comprehensive viral marketing approach that has considerations of the global tourism business. With the availability of online communication and social media tourist destinations have the opportunity to market their brands and involve the audience to gain access to tourists and travelers at an international level. Online marketing policies and social media are applicable in the exploration process of the methods that are relevant to destination branding and audience assignation. Online communication is highly helpful for the tourism and travel industry’s marketing procedure because approximately 29% of the global population uses internet on a daily basis (Internet Usage Statistics, 2011). The research information on the internet usage was availed in June, 2010, and is reliable statistics for the marketers within the tourism and travel industry (Munar & Cai, 2013). The tourism and travel customers have the advantage to gain travel experience throu gh the internet forums availed in the internet. There is the possibility to seek advice and additional information about the various locations that the clients desire to visit. The development of the social media websites facilitates the change in communication frequencies with individuals’ virtual lifestyle. Social media retain a reliable spot for the tourism and travel industry because it endures a constant evolution due to the advancement in the internet services. The tourism and travel sector employs the social media websites as essential communication channels to assist in the access of the industry’s clients (Wang & Pizam, 2011). Online communication enhances the modes of access in that the audiences get reliable methods for access to their customers. The incorporation of the online communication seems elementary with the advantage that it is cheap and reliable in terms of accessibility. To market a tourism firm is much cheaper and efficient through application o f the internet unlike other outdated measures such as printing fliers. There are sources that confirm the idea that the internet in addition to other Information technology alterations has had an impact on the industry to an unprecedented scale. The information availed through the internet appears to be influential to the decision-making process in the current human society. Majority of the persons living in the present generation seem to rely extensively on the information that is available in the internet (International Conference & Brebbia, 2010). In the tourism and travel industry, it is evident that most tourists implement the internet in their travel and tourism arrangements such as booking air tickets with accommodations on

ICT impact on social networks size and strengths Essay Example for Free

ICT impact on social networks size and strengths Essay Information technology has formed the backbone of socio-economic progression. It has opened the social condensation and propelled communication and business progress to higher performance and productivity levels. However there are various implications on the society that are being looked at as checks and balances in this advancement. The hypothetical position on social networks as within the dimensional and convectional implications is that, ICT has reduced the strength of social networks as well as the strengths of the social networks. The overall and the subsequent repercussion is condensation of the social integration and incubating social diversity into a less dynamic society due to lack of social networks. Overview on ICT impact on social networks A debate has come up on this hypothetical implication on the social networks and how social integration can be reconstructed and strengthened again. According to various research attributes and findings on implications of ICT diversity in the society is mainly based on disintegration of social networks. Andreina M (2002) points out that information technology has become an important tool in the society. She argues that the impacts of the internet on sociability are more diverse. People with lower social skills are negatively affected by ICT developments. These assertion project ICT as a key element social network disintegration. Social networks, according to Andreina, M. , bring together people of different sorts and helps bond society constituents. What is the impact of ICT on social networks size and strength? The hypothetical argument of ICT disintegrating size and strength of social networks is based on the diversity of ICT. Alan N, John P, R (2002) point out that ICT is revolutionary. This makes its implications on social networks vilified. Current social-economic views on social networks and ICT Alan N, John P, R (2002) further argue that ICT is a major historical event. At individual level, the revolution might be related to the social impact of IT, in terms of new ways of relating to other people and maintaining social contacts. The behavioural impacts of two-way communications formats, like the internet and the telephone, i-phone and phone messaging. They are used subtly to establish and maintain social relationships forming new infrastructures that facilitate different patterns of interaction. These implications reduce the size and strength of the social networks. There is less communication between certain social partners and groups reducing social interaction. ii- Social networks A synopsis that draws out the contentious breakage of social networks is that they are units of the people who meet and mingle freely to discuss and share their aspects of live. Social networks have incubated new types of networks which fit in to the ICT revolution. Seen in the context of Andreina M (2002), cyberspace networks and cell phone communication-video conferencing social networks have emerged as the breakaway social networks as a result of weakening of human-social networks. The emergence of ICT weakened social networks, and Andreina informs of cognitive and social digital networks are part of the more general cognitive and social networks that individuals are in and can access. Traditional and electronic social networks In her argument on diversity of social network transformation, Andriena examines the rise of technology as also a filler of the gap left by the weakened and less sizeable social network. Social networks consist of mainly friends, family and business circles that regularly meet to share ideas and merge to reach various principal objectives. According to Andreina, this is the offline outlook of social networks. She argues that, the internet cognitive and cultural space cannot be considered separated from the offline experience. If conceptual, it is particularly true when considering the diffusion of ubiquitous technology and cross-channel integrated communications on the net. Andreina M (2002) This point out the dynamism in social networks is now being transformed into a less strong position which is the cyberspace and video conferencing in phones and group messaging through mobile telephony. Earlier outlook of the social networks drew out a picture of a cohesive society where in meeting and sharing through live conversations. The picture today is different, more mobile phone calls and emailing is seen to replace meetings hence, subsequent weakening and reduction of size of the social network. How social networks have changed with emergence of technology Emergence of ICT based networking has transformed the facade of social networking, especially on issue based perspective as well as cognitive socio-economic approach. Earliest communication technologies, like simple conversations that evolved into more long distance forms illustrate the basic nature of one-to-one targeted communications. Meyer. K. , John P, R, Alan N, Anthony, A. (2002); besides, major concerns on the social transformation focus mainly on social life and personal communication and mass communication. Erstwhile, Meyer K. , John P, R, Alan N, Anthony, A. (2002) argue that the change focus is on the social networks secondary activities, social network company and the social network location. Secondary activities feature group television watching and so forth while social company looks at type of individual representation in terms of rankings in social stature. Time spent by the group’s members, by family members or by friends has become lessened. There is also a decline in level of discussion and verbal communication in live meetings due to the ICT based communication through which the persons in the groups exhaust most of their talks successively and comprehensively.

Essay --

Question 1: Based upon the accompanying INTSUM, OPREP-3, and Warning Order for the Bangladesh scenario provide a Combatant Commander's revised mission statement. Ensure that this statement includes the elements of "who, what, when, where, and why". (10 points) When directed, US Pacific Command employs joint forces in concert with coalition forces to conduct foreign humanitarian assistance operations in Bangladesh in order to alleviate the immediate loss of life and stabilize the humanitarian crisis caused by Cyclone Janari. Conduct of operations is in support of US Government lead agency (Department of State/USAID and the US Ambassador to Bangladesh) and in coordination with local government forces, nongovernmental organizations, and private voluntary organizations to provide rapid aid delivery while minimizing US and coalition forces footprint. On order, stabilize the Joint Operations Area, transition control to the Government of Bangladesh, and redeploy to home station. Question 2: The commander's intent identifies the purpose of the campaign and the endstate. Based upon the INTSUM, OPREP-3 and Warning Order provide the Combatant Commander's intent. (10 points) As the Combatant Commander, my intent is to support the Government of Bangladesh in stabilizing the immediate humanitarian crisis by conducting foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA) operations in the affected areas. We will conduct/lead combined operations with coalition forces, local government forces, interagency (Department of State/USAID and the US Ambassador to Bangladesh), nongovernment organizations (NGO), and private voluntary organizations (PVO) to the extent that the Government of Bangladesh can then provide adequate assistance to victims of Cyclone Jan... ... and emergence of cooperative activities allow for lesser state and non-state actors the ability to develop offensive and counterspace systems that can create a degraded environment. Therefore, US forces are compelled to develop mission-effective alternatives (e.g. nontraditional ISR platforms like targeting pods), establish access of partner capabilities, and build resilience in cost effective next space capabilities (hosting payloads on various platforms). For these reasons, The Air Force can best accept risk within the global integrated ISR capability. References: Campaign Planning Primer: AY 07 (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, Department of Military Strategy, Planning, and Operations), 1-35. Deptula, D. Lesson 6, Reading 1. Dorsett, D. Lesson 13, Reading 4. Gates, R. Lesson 7, Reading 2. Rueschhoff, J. Lesson 2, Reading 4. Schwartz, N. Lesson 6, Reading 2.

Characteristics of Modernism in Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darknes

Characteristics of Modernism in Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Modern novel, Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott, depicts the latter stages of imperialism's erosion and explores it through the lives of individuals and their relationships as symbolic of larger societal conflicts and political events.   Jewel was written well into the 20th Century and employs thematic concepts and literary forms characteristic of Modernism, as well as being significant in its literary-historical context of the decline of British Imperialism/post- colonialism in India.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Some of the major issues to which twentieth century literature responded in ways generally known as 'Modernism' are: a growing awareness of a variety of cultures which had differing but cogent world-views; exploitation of other cultures and races, and a society built on power and greed" (Lye, 1996).   The fact that Modern literature explored these issues with more scrutiny, candor, and depth than previous literary eras.   "This is the story of rape, of the events that led to it and followed it and of the place in which it happened" (Scott, 1966).   The rape is of a young British women in colonial India, but also of the rape of India by Britain, "the affair...ended with the spectacle of two nations in violent opposition, not for the first time nor as yet for the last because they were then still locked in an imperial embrace of such long standing and subtlety it was no longer possible for them to know whether the y hated or loved on another, or what held them together and seemed to have confused the image   of their two destinies" (Scott, 1966).   The events, interactions, and sentiments of Daphne, the woman in question, and those of the ot... ....   For Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness, the questions and criticisms of British Imperialism are brought up metaphorically through their stories they tell, and so interrelated in subject theme, mark a specific period in time tin B ritish History.  Ã‚      Works Cited and Consulted  Ã‚   Agatucci, C. (2001).   ENG 103, Survey of British Literature.   Central Oregon Community College. Damrosch, D., et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: VolB.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman-Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Lye,J. (1996).   Some Cultural Forces Driving Literary Modernism,   (Dept of English, Brock Univ.) 2F55: Modern Fiction.  Ã‚   http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/2F55/forces.htm [last accessed: June 2001]. Scott, P. (1966).   The Jewel in the Crown. Vol. 1 of the Raj Quartet.   Rpt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.   

10 Effects of Smoking in Health

10 Effects of Smoking in Health Are you aware about effects of smoking habit? Scientific studies reveal that smoking causes short-term as well as long-term effects on health. American Lung Association says smoking affects around 9 million people in U. S alone, and it causes the death of approximately 450,000 individuals per year. Cancer is a common serious threat of smoking. It also causes several aesthetic problems, cardiovascular problems, respiratory problems and reproductive health problems. This article discusses about various negative effects of smoking. 1.Respiratory Health Effects – Tobacco contains several toxic substances that damage our lungs and other respiratory organ while inhaling. It seriously affects larynx and trachea which in turn result in the permanent killing of lungs. Long-term smoking causes harsh side effects like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. 2. Cardiovascular Health Effects – Smoking caus es the narrowing of blood vessels and arteries by depositing several toxic substances. This affects their normal functioning, and causes high blood pressure.Prolonged smoking gradually leads to nerve problems& blood clots, which may result in heart attacks or strokes. 3. Vision Health Effects – Smoking causes vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts. Researches show that long-term smoking causes incurable vision problems that may even result in blindness. 4. Reproductive Health Effects – Smoking causes less production of estrogen  hormone that is linked to infertility in women. Premature birth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), under weight problems, and early menopause are common reproductive effects in women. Long-term smoking causes impotency in men. 5.Skin Health Effects – Premature aging, yellowish skin and wrinkles are commonly found side effects of smoking. Skin damage is directly linked to smoking since it restricts the adequate blood flow in skin. Majority of addicted smokers lose their appetite and reduce the intake of food. Inadequate nutrition and food habits result in serious health effects on skin. 6. Psychological Effects – smoking has addictive side effects since it contains Nicotine. Majority of smokers believe that smoking makes them feel relief. However, truth is that smoking causes several addictive problems, which may result in depression and anxiety. 7.Digestion Problems – Smoking causes heartburn problems, liver damage, reduced appetite, crohn's disease and ulcers. Long-term smoking results in the damage of esophagus, and that causes acid reflux & heart-burn problems. Crohn's disease is a severe intestine disease that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, etc. 8. Respiratory Alignments – Health and Human Services of U. S reveals that smokers are more prone to respiratory alignments like flu, pneumonia, cold, bronchitis, etc. They also take longer recovery time compared to normal pe rsons. 9. Athletic Performance Issues – Smoking affects the physical fitness of an individual.Long-term smokers are more prone to injuries and accidents. Smokers have reduced capacity to generate sufficient muscle cell & collagen to generate muscles. 10. Other Effects – Smoking causes awful body odor and bad breath as well. Since smokers have reduced smell sense, they may not consider it as an issue. There are about 5 million people in the world die in each year from the effects of smoking. Smoking is an unnecessary health hazard that causes serious effects. Quitting this habit is not easy. However, when you quit smoking you not only save your health but also our environment!

Free Essays on Gay Marriages

Gay Marriages The essay on gay marriages discusses how gay relationships are harmful to those that are heterosexual. The essay mentions how gay marriages were legalized and how it caused an outburst. There are no facts pointing to how the gay relationships affect those that are heterosexual so I personally do not believe that is necessarily true. I believe gay marriages are just like any other marriage. This particular essay also mentions it is not the gay marriages that are corrupting those marriages that are between a man and a woman and that any marriage can fall apart for any reason. I believe marriages are between two people who are emotionally and physically attracted and connected to one another. America is known as the land of the free and this is how it should remain. It should remain as it is known because America is a country where religion, jobs, and freedom of speech are all legal and harmless. If two men or two women love each other and wan’t to be married until death do them part then let them be. I do not think anyone should be aloud to tell anyone else who and who they are not aloud to marry or live with. Gay marriages are perfectly ok by me and it is not as if the two homosexual lovers are making out in public or anything. So why be offended by it? Black and whites get married and produce children of a mixed race and yet still with all the racism in America there are not half as many complaints or any laws trying to stop that from happening. So what is wrong with society and what happened to the land of the free? Love is love I think. I am in love with my fiancà ©e as he is with me and I would adore getting married to him one day. If there was a law stating I could not marry him I would be in disbelief and I would cause uproar. I can only imagine and wonder what these homosexual couples are thinking. Hate crimes against gays are also a bigger problem than most think. Why can’t we leave them alone and let them l... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Free Essays on Gay Marriages I Now Pronounce You Man and Man The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure, and public health are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes â€Å"God†, their friends, and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits. Should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? Because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why neither the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has undergone many changes throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Gay Marriages We as a nation are clearly undecided on the issue of gay marriages. Presidential spokesman Scott McClellan said that thirty-eight states have passed legislation outlawing gay marriages. With other states debating on if they should or shouldn’t allow these couples to marry, it has left the homosexual community in an uncomfortable position. There are some people who think that gay people have no rights and should never be allowed to marry. On the other hand, some people believe that gay people are just like anyone else and should enjoy the same rights and privileges as heterosexuals do. In my opinion, the United States should allow gay couples to marry just like any other heterosexual couple. Gay people are disliked and looked down upon; everyone has their own reasons to dislike the idea of letting them get married. One of the main reasons is that the primary purpose of marriage is to reproduce. Because gay couples are unable to have children, they should not be allowed to marry. Evidently, gay couples know they are unable to have children; they have accepted it and might not want to ever have children. However, if they would like to have children of their own, they could always adopt. Doing this, would leave fewer children in foster homes and give them a chance to make something of themselves. Which would make more sense: letting child molesters marry or letting harmless homosexuals marry? Also, we permit the elderly and the sexually infertile to marry knowing that they will not be able to produce children. I think that homosexuals can make good parents, if not better parents than heterosexuals. Another main argument is that the word marriage means the union of one man and one woman. Under a proposed bill known as the Defense of Marriage Act, marriage is defined as â€Å"a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife.† Furthermore, it defines a spouse as â€Å"A person of the opposite sex who is ... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Part I: Throughout the contents of this paper, I will discuss the article dealing with the legalization of gay marriages in Massachusetts by Richard Cohen. I will begin my discussion by analyzing the article and providing a brief summary of the factual information presented in the text. In addition, I will present my opinion on the article along with corresponding information regarding this particular issue. In turn, I will present my personal beliefs on this topic and support them with other additional information to support my opinions. I will also present more details on the Massachusetts case that legalized gay marriages. This topic is important because this piece of legislation will effect every person and generation in the United States, homosexual or not. Part II: In this portion of my paper, I will summarize the article by Richard Cohen regarding the state of Massachusetts legalizing gay and lesbian marriages. Recently, the state of Massachusetts announced that the band on gay marriages would be lifted. Despite the fact that the majority leader of the House of Representatives Tom Delay is strongly against gay marriages, he may want to stand aside on this issue. Delay, who is known for his adamant concern regarding traditional marriage, needs to understand that not only is the institution of marriage wobbling and wheezing, it is desperately on the rocks. According to statistical research, twenty percent of first marriages do last more than five years, and if the marriage lasts a decade, one third end up in divorce. Married couples, who once dominated both life and television, have gone from a high 80 percent in the 1950?s to only half of American households today. If you look into an average home in the United States today, onl y one in four of those households are married with children, and a reported 86 million adults living in the country are unmarried. It is easy to see from these statistics that traditional marr... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Gay Marriages The essay on gay marriages discusses how gay relationships are harmful to those that are heterosexual. The essay mentions how gay marriages were legalized and how it caused an outburst. There are no facts pointing to how the gay relationships affect those that are heterosexual so I personally do not believe that is necessarily true. I believe gay marriages are just like any other marriage. This particular essay also mentions it is not the gay marriages that are corrupting those marriages that are between a man and a woman and that any marriage can fall apart for any reason. I believe marriages are between two people who are emotionally and physically attracted and connected to one another. America is known as the land of the free and this is how it should remain. It should remain as it is known because America is a country where religion, jobs, and freedom of speech are all legal and harmless. If two men or two women love each other and wan’t to be married until death do them part then let them be. I do not think anyone should be aloud to tell anyone else who and who they are not aloud to marry or live with. Gay marriages are perfectly ok by me and it is not as if the two homosexual lovers are making out in public or anything. So why be offended by it? Black and whites get married and produce children of a mixed race and yet still with all the racism in America there are not half as many complaints or any laws trying to stop that from happening. So what is wrong with society and what happened to the land of the free? Love is love I think. I am in love with my fiancà ©e as he is with me and I would adore getting married to him one day. If there was a law stating I could not marry him I would be in disbelief and I would cause uproar. I can only imagine and wonder what these homosexual couples are thinking. Hate crimes against gays are also a bigger problem than most think. Why can’t we leave them alone and let them l...

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essays

Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essays Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Toxicology Paper on Mathew Selavka Essay Speaker Paper (Dr. Carl Selavka) Dr. Carl Matthew Selavka is one of the world-renowned forensic toxicologists of today. Dr. Selavka has a strong background in biology, chemistry, and forensics, and illustrated that it would be very helpful in the field of forensic science. His background originated from Indiana University where he received his Bachelor of Arts double major in Chemistry and Forensic Science and at Northeastern University where he received a Master of Science in Forensic Chemistry in 1985 and his Doctor of Philosophy in Forensic Analytical Chemistry in 1987. Upon completing the ROTC program at Indiana, Dr. Selavka went to serve the US army. Upon serving, he attended graduate school and continued in education until he received his Doctoral at Northeastern before serving as an active duty member in the United States Army Medical Service Corps from 1987 to 1991. After serving a number of positions in the US Army medical service corps, Dr. Selavka began a career as Director of Forensic Operations at the National Medical Services, Inc. in Willow Grove, PA. One of the main duties he undertook included overseeing the Forensic Science Division of a private toxicology and criminalistics laboratory. In February 1994, Dr. Selavka was promoted to the Director of Criminalistics where he undertook the responsibility of all administrative aspects of the Criminalistics Department. During his position here, he oversaw many different cases where the quantitative and qualitative analysis of drugs found in things ranging from botanicals to IV bags was performed. In 1996, Dr. Selavka left this position to become a Director of Forensic Services at the New York State Division of Criminal Justice services in Albany, New York. In the two years he was there, he accomplished many things from directing the implementation and maintenance of the DNA databank for NY State convicted offenders to implementing centralized training for NYS forensic scientists. By the summer of 1998 Dr. Selavka had transitioned to Director of the Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory system in Sadbury Massachusetts. The State Police Crime Laboratories were engaged in all types of criminalistics analysis ranging from forensic DNA testing to toxicology to processing evidence from murder, rape and arson cases. Dr. Selavka was responsible for the State DNA Databank and Office of Alcohol Testing. After a nine year period working for the Massachusetts State police, Dr. Selavka left and became a Forensic Science Officer for the US Army Criminal Investigation lab in FT. Gillem Georgia for a year. He then worked as a Production services Manager for the US Air Force Drug Testing Laboratory in Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas until April of last year. Dr. Selavka currently works as a Forensic Toxicologist for Avee Laboratories in Clearwater, Florida. He is also a Forensic Reporting Officer at Trimega Laboratories, Ltd. in London, UK; Cape Town, SA; Ulm, Germany, and a Consulting Forensic Scientist for the Department of Defense and Para-military organizations. Dr. Selavka’s presentation ranged on the many different aspects of Forensic Toxicology. The first part of his discussion centered on the types of drugs toxicologist are interested in. Drugs that were mentioned included benzodiazepines, depressants, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana and alcohol. Dr. Selavka pointed out that Alcohol stands out from the other drugs as it is the largest contributing factor to vehicle related accidents as well as consequently deaths. Dr. Selavka also included regular toxicologist studies such as the testing for carbon monoxide, cyanide, inhalants, metals, pesticides and herbicides. Dr. Selavka throughout his discussion participated in numerous engaging interactions with the students, often of comedian value as he illustrated the quantitative and qualitative factors of the range of drugs he discussed about. He also shared that baby boomers used drugs, only now were they using expensive opioid pharmaceuticals that they got prescribed from their doctors. Dr. Selavka had numerously communicated that â€Å"the statistics don’t lie†. A major area that Dr. Selavka has also considerable experience is testing for compliance. He mentioned that any type of employment that are considered safety and security sensitive positions will require some type of bodily testing to detect the presence of illegal drugs. The most common type of testing is urine testing. Dr. Selavka also spent a great deal of time explaining in detail how drugs enter the system, what happens when they enter, and how they leave. He explained the importance of this in four steps of what he calls â€Å"The Average Man Theory†. This theory was similar to what we have been covering in class from chapter nine. The difference was that Richard Saferstein focused on the details of how alcohol is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, while Dr. Selavka explained in greater detail how alcohol and other drugs go through this process in a human body. Dr. Selavka also explained the importance of each step on how it relates to testing and its elimination in the human body. In His presentation, Dr. Selavka also discussed how during the absorption process of a drug enters the blood stream through skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract and is carried by simple diffusion via plasma, proteins, or red blood cells. Alcohol was discussed in great detail, given its major role in our society. and Dr. Selavka mentioned some interesting facts that has also been mentioned in our textbook regarding alcohol and its absorption. Richard Saferstein demonstrates in his text book how alcohol can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream at radically different speeds based on the total time taken the consume the drink and its alcohol content, the amount consumed, and the quantity and type of food present in the stomach while drinking. Dr. Selavka discussed this process in a very similar fashion. After explaining the processes of absorption, Dr. Selavka discussed the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the alcohol content. Dr. Selavka used a chart in his presentation to communicate get detection windows of certain drugs and how long they last in the human body. This allowed easy comparisons and conclusions to be drawn from how long drugs stay in the human body and when to consider testing urine, oral fluid, breath, blood, sweat, and hair respectively. The information on a sweat patch testing was new to me and I found it incredibly fascinating all the while simplistically brilliant, or brilliantly simplistic. Dr. Selavka went on to explain the different types of testing and spent a great deal of time talking about hair testing. He expelled many rumors about hair testing that the class had preconceived, and clearly described the boundaries of hair testing today. He presented a diagram of the Dermal Papilla and explained how in this area the blood flow nourishes the bottom part of the hair located near the dermis and that it is where blood delivers drugs that become permanently trapped in the hair. After explaining the complexities of hair analysis, Dr. Selavka finally concluded the future of drug testing and its limitations and what to expect in the near future. Dr. Selavka’s presentation was very extensive and provided a range of information presented in a calculated manner. The quality of his presentation parallels that with his expertise in the field, and really engaged the class in participating and running mock conclusions based on previous cases he had encountered. All in all, he is clearly one of the leading experts in his field, world-wide. If he had more time, I would have asked him if he believed drug testing had a future, or could people be, ironically, using drugs to clean other drugs?

Skunk Works essays

Skunk Works essays Book Report on Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed The book I read was titled Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. Ben Rich, the head of the Skunk Works program, wrote the book with help from Leo Janos. The publishing company is Little, Brown This book deals with the personal experience of the head of Lockheed Martins Skunk Works facility, located in Burbank, California. Skunk Works is a highly classified facility that has produced many famous and important airplanes, such as the U-2, a spy plane that can reach altitudes above 70,000 ft. The U-2 was especially helpful during the Cold War to spy on the Russians. Skunk Works also created the SR-71 Blackbird, the fastest airplane known to the civilian community. This reconnaissance airplane can reach Mach 3, 2000+ mph, and has a ceiling of more that 80,000 ft. This is so high and so fast that the titanium shell of the airplane can stretch more the one-foot by heat. The least visible, by radar, airplane ever made was also created at Skunk Works. With a radar cross-section the size of a marble, the F-117 Nighthawk proved to be the most practical airplane in the Gulf War. Without these airplanes that were produced by Lockheed Martins Skunk Works, the US may not be in the position of the world that it is in today. This book was excellently written, and even though a difficult subject to write about with all the technical aspects, this book was very easy to read. It also tells of a personal behind-the-scenes experience that could not be shown with just a person researching the facility. There was a negative point of the book though. Not all of the information was ...

Operations management and productivity slp Assignment

Operations management and productivity slp - Assignment Example Their unique strategies and consistent performance has given them a leading edge in its competition. Compared to its competition McDonalds is famous for providing its products very quickly and economically. Allowing people to stay away from the curse of standing and waiting in long lines. Also, McDonalds is famous for its product adaptation in other countries, in India initially people started protesting against McDonalds, as its products contained beef, so what McDonalds did to face this situation was to start introducing products that had mutton and white meat, and introducing a complete new product named "Maharaja Mac" only in India. â€Å"If I had a brick for every time I’ve repeated the phrase Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value, I think I’d probably be able to bridge the Atlantic Ocean with them.† Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonalds (Mcdonalds.com, 2014). From what Ray says, its clear enough that McDonalds is famous for its services and value addition. Where ever you go, to a McDonalds restaurant, one will notice that the service rate of McDonalds is quite high than the other competitors, also one will notice that McDonalds provide a good environment for people to enjoy their quality time with their loved ones. Furthermore, McDonalds is famous for its high quality of customer services. Serving the customers with great care is one of the high priorities of McDonalds, and one can find such behavior in any McDonalds Outlet. For any business to stay ahead, in the competitive environment that it is facing, is a huge task. McDonalds is performing this task quite efficiently, as they promote product adaptation and provide their products on a relatively lower price. Furthermore McDonalds also provides different varieties for different people, based on age groups, occupation, and the region. Since it is the leader in its competition, it provides and has a lot more than what its competitors have. Basically, McDonalds focuses on high service

The drivers of Taiwan's economic growth between 1949-1990 Thesis

The drivers of Taiwan's economic growth between 1949-1990 - Thesis Example There was nothing supernatural about them. These include the reason for the US aid, the training of the workers for the German optical lens factory and the infrastructure development by Japan to support its war efforts. In addition to these existing benefits, the decisions and actions of the policy makers fetched the unexpected results. While they formulated the policies they themselves were unsure of the consequences. Reforms were made in every sector and most importantly the policies were reviewed with changes in the business environment. Government intervention was gradually reduced as the economy matured. However, two factors that developing nations should be cautious of, include environmental degradation that comes with economic growth and unhealthy nationalism. Besides, it is not possible to replicate the strategy that Taiwan followed as not every country has the same endowments such as natural resources and human capital. Taiwan could experience growth because of the endogenou s factors. Local factors have tremendous influence on growth and progress and this is evident from the case of Taiwan. The study concludes that the economic growth in Taiwan was the unintended result of innumerable efforts. Table of Contents CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Motivation for the study 2 1.3 Research aims and Objectives 3 1.4 Organization of the study 3 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Economic Growth Theories and models 5 2.3 Economic and Social Growth relationship 8 2.4 Social Capital 8 2.5 Measures of Progress 9 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11 3.1 Research Philosophy 11 3.2 Research Phenomenon 11 3.3 Research Design 11 3.4 Research Strategy 12 3.5 Justification for use of Secondary Data 13 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS 15 4.1 Role of Chiang Kai-shek and KMT 15 4.2 Factors of Growth 15 4.3 Stages of development 16 4.4 Land reforms 17 4.5 Export-led growth 18 4.6 Government intervention 19 4.7 Financial reforms 20 4.8 Existing technology 20 4. 9 Supporting the Private Sector 21 4.10 Educational reforms 22 4.11 Foreign aid 23 4.12 Infra structure development 23 4.13 Miracle or unintended results of human efforts 25 4.14 Lessons for Developing Nations 26 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 29 5.1 Conclusion 29 5.2 Recommendations 31 References 32 Tables and Figures Figure: 2.1 Stages of Modernization 7 Table 4.1 Measurement of Economic Performance 25 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Economy and society are interlinked; the growth of a nation or its economy depends upon the political factors but more importantly the social factors. This is because the society or the people of the society form the regulations and the strategies, which are again based on the demands of the common people, on the needs of the society and on the growth prospects of the nation. In other words, economic growth impacts the society in every respect. This has been endorsed by Blair and Carroll (2008) that social relationships networks can shap e local economies. The societal factors can be held responsible for the closure of plants and manufacturing units in one region and opening of some units in another region. Again, if the economy is not doing well, unemployment rises which forces people to migrate to other regions. The regions where these people migrate need manpower because they have shortage of unskilled labor or they prefer to employ cheap migrant labor. Hence, in all

Experimental film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimental film analysis - Essay Example In Free Radicals, he synthesizes all his artistic abilities and sensitivities in order to create a truly majestic work. This paper intends to read Lye’s doodling on film through an examination of the multimedia character of the Free radicals. Although, the paper attempts to read the Free Radicals from within, i.e. by examining its medium and content on its own, it would try to incorporate necessary theoretical insights as well. 2. The Artistic Background of the Free Radicals Len Lye was always particular in drawing the source of his inspiration from music from various (often distant and little known) cultural backgrounds. In one of his first and best animated sound films, which is A Colour Box, Lye uses Caribbean jazz in a time when it was not much known to the outside the world. Peculiarly, in Lye’s animation films, shadows, streaks and colors are easily blended to an extraordinary music with quite perfection. Color could be seen bouncing back from the screen. It is th is very synchronization of colors and images with the music makes Lye’s animations more than appealing. Lye’s animated films were not only quite different from the movies produced in their respective times but also technologically advanced than other. This technological edge is one of the distinct features of Lye’s films. It was in 1926, Len Lye moved to England from New Zealand. He was attracted to the modernist movement in England and active in such circles having many friends among the stalwarts of arts and literature. Lye was also attracted into various art forms such as surrealist stories and poems and moving sculpture. He was both eclectic and eccentric. The indigenous art of Maori people in the New Zealand had strong influence on Ley’s idea of art, especially his conception of visual art. Moreover, he was extremely fascinated by the oceanic cultures from around the world. It is necessary to remember that he was expelled from the racist New Zealand for living among the Maori people. In his way to England, he had also visited many pacific islands and closely interacted with the aboriginal people. It might be because of this influence of the indigenous culture, Lye’s painted-on-celluloid art resembled a lot to the finger paintings which are common among the aboriginals. In 1944, Len Lye moved to the United States wherein he got more acquainted with the African music traditions. As his interests in kinetic sculpture grew, it was well reflected in the films he made later. 3. The Free Radicals as Doodling on the Film The Free Radical was made in 1958 and it was peculiar with its intense black and white nature. It appeared as drawings on a chalkboard. According to Kasmere, â€Å"an assured, signature work that Stan Brakhage called â€Å"an almost unbelievably immense masterpiece†,  Free Radicals  synchronizes etched hieroglyphs, squiggly horizontal lines and verticals of varying thickness to energetic drum music f rom The Bagirmi Tribe of Africa. Nothing in the film is static. â€Å"White ziggle-zag-splutter scratches†, inscribed using a variety of tools including arrowheads and saw-teeth, appear abruptly, leap, quiver, and dance alongside the beat, then vanish suddenly. Occasionally the flat picture plane is transformed into a three-dimensional space as fluid, rough-edged wiry shapes appear to rotate, as though circled by a camera/eye. At times one denotes the outline of quickly passing hill covered or jagged mountainous landscape as the line-play slips

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau Essay

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau - Essay Example With a personality that strongly opposes all that which he thinks is wrong, HDT is described as a naturalist or environmentalist, transcendentalist, a pacifist and a tax resister (wikipedia, 2006). It is particularly interesting to note his being a tax resister but not an evader for at length, he argued in his essay why he refused to become a part, to say the least, of a government which he dislikes, or abhor. He also narrated his imprisonment for resisting to pay his tax. For HDT proposes a government with conscience by allowing it, like a non-conscientious corporation to have men in it with conscience. For conscience, as he described, is inherent to all individuals and that individuals must not "resign his conscience to the legislator." HDT bashes the government of his time for "It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to will," meaning that only a handful from an overwhelming majority of citizens control the government like it was their own. He proposes a government with officials or those beholden to it to follow a righteous conscience, of which when exposed to war, and the soldiers and all ranking officers does not will to go and kill or be killed, "peaceably inclined" as he wrote, must not engage in war.

Ecological Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecological Debt - Essay Example Knowing the definition of ecological debt, I've learned three important things that have opened my mind. First, the major cause of ecological debt comes from the excessive, if not abusive use of natural resources. Industrialized countries are the ones running up an ecological debt by too much consumption of resources from marine, land, forests, oil, etc. coming from the Third World countries. Second, the advantages in the economy of developed countries are causing disadvantages to the countries in the South by inconsiderable exportation of products - both raw materials and prepared goods, and even human services/workforce in very low price range. Between the supplier and the consumer, they take advantage of the monetary aspect, thus ending up exploiting the environment. Furthermore, The World Revolution (n. d.) says, "According to United Nations figures, 20% of the population of the world, the majority who live in the North, consume 80% of the planet's natural resources." Third, beca use of this imbalance, we are now suffering from the effects we have caused to the Earth.

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau Essay

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau - Essay Example With a personality that strongly opposes all that which he thinks is wrong, HDT is described as a naturalist or environmentalist, transcendentalist, a pacifist and a tax resister (wikipedia, 2006). It is particularly interesting to note his being a tax resister but not an evader for at length, he argued in his essay why he refused to become a part, to say the least, of a government which he dislikes, or abhor. He also narrated his imprisonment for resisting to pay his tax. For HDT proposes a government with conscience by allowing it, like a non-conscientious corporation to have men in it with conscience. For conscience, as he described, is inherent to all individuals and that individuals must not "resign his conscience to the legislator." HDT bashes the government of his time for "It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to will," meaning that only a handful from an overwhelming majority of citizens control the government like it was their own. He proposes a government with officials or those beholden to it to follow a righteous conscience, of which when exposed to war, and the soldiers and all ranking officers does not will to go and kill or be killed, "peaceably inclined" as he wrote, must not engage in war.

Assess critically the English international private law governing the Essay

Assess critically the English international private law governing the traditional, personal law, concept of domicile - Essay Example And the United Kingdom citizens are not spared from this fact. In this essay, it is necessary to establish that law in this context is global in nature of which territories or jurisdictions are involved, thereby not limited within the United Kingdom. Although UK private law secures individuals and families, international private law involves any individual citizen of any state or country and other country laws and jurisdiction as well as the individual's country of citizenship or origin. The United Kingdom Parliament (2004) acknowledges that "Sometimes new laws are needed to ensure that the UK complies with International or European Law. The Human Rights Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 are recent examples of this." Edwards (2006) pointed out that while "statements cross national boundaries, inevitably problems of international private law are invoked, with difficult questions raised such as what country (or countries) will have jurisdiction to hear any action for damages raised, what country's law should govern the action (the choice of law question) and if a decree is obtained, how can it be enforced if the defender lives out with the jurisdiction of the court" In this case, it has been proposed that "action must be raised in the courts of the domicile of the defender (but) it should also be noted that forum non conveniens is still a possible plea in actions involving intra-UK jurisdiction only, although not actions between parties from different states party to the Brussels Convention" (Edwards, 2006) The concept of domicile have always been associated with UK tax, and with the integration of European Union as well as the increasing diversity of United Kingdom population, domicile is becoming more interesting to many individuals (Waldon, 2006). Nevertheless, it is not limited to tax but also marriage and legitimacy while every individual have one single domicile at one time. The various categories of domicile include origin, dependency, choice, and deemed domicile. The domicile of origin is hereditary such as the case of a legitimate child. In the United Kingdom, domicile of origin is based on the domicile status of the child's father during its birth, but in some instances, it is based on the domicile status of the mother. The domicile of origin is most often described as "adhesive" of which a status prevails until an alternative domicile has been acquired. It has two alternative categories: the domicile of dependency and domicile of choice. The domicile of dependency primarily related to children under the age of sixteen based upon the domicile status of the father at the date of birth. In cases where the domicile status of the father changes while the child is still dependent or under the age 16, the child's domicile status follows that of the father's. Upon reaching the age of 16, the domicile of dependency will be replaced by a domicile of choice in the same jurisdiction. This also applies to women married before January 1 1974 as these women acquired a domicile of dependency based upon the status of their husbands. Domicile of choice alters the domicile of origin in an alternative jurisdiction. This may happen when an individual is able to illustrate actual physical

Deabte analysis Essay Example for Free

Deabte analysis Essay The industrial Revolution occurred in Europe from 1750 to 1850. During this time there was also a huge increase in illegitimacy rate, which is the number of babies being born to unmarried women. The big question becomes, did the industrial revolution cause a sexual revolution or not? There are many historians and people with different views about topic. At the start of the industrial revolution there were close to zero babies being born the unmarried women and by the end in 1850 there was 1 in every 3 women having babies that weren’t married. There are two main points of view on this debate; one from Edward Shorter and the other from Louise Tilly, Joan Scott, and Miriam Cohen. Historian Edward Shorter states that the industrial revolution created many opportunities for women to work which he says led to a rise in the illegitimacy rate. He connects this to the sexual emancipation, or sexual freedom, of unmarried, working-class women. Historians Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen counter that unmarried women started working during the industrial revolution to meet an economic need, not to gain personal freedom. They state that the rise in illegitimacy rates rose due to broken marriages and the absence of traditional support from family, community, and the church. With women starting to work this caused a change in people’s lifestyles. Shorter and Tilly, Scott, and Cohen both have a legitimate argument to if the industrial revolution was the cause of the sexual revolution. You raise the key issues here. It doesn’t need to be this long, but that’s OK. Edward Shorter agrees that women of the upper class in the nineteenth century underwent a female emancipation along with the slave emancipation, but he says that it doesn’t account for the women with families. Young, low status women underwent a radical movement in female emancipation in the late eighteenth century because of the involvement in the economy of the market place. This emancipation started with the young women of low status to older women of higher status. There were some general characteristics describing women during this time. There were many famous women making stands for women’s independence and rights, that it was hard to see the position of all women or the norms of women. One thing Shorter states is, except for the few  exceptions of famous women, most of them were still powerless and dependent. Female emancipation was all about becoming independent. Married women wanted household political power and a family where they have their own rights, sexual gratifications, and emotional freedom. Unmarried women started ignoring the strict views and opinions of parents and community to satisfy their personal needs. All women started disregarding outside controls for personal freedom and sexuality for individual self-fulfillment. Up to here is satisfactory, but more info than necessary and not completely clear. These changes may be linked to the economic changes towards capitalism, an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. Good. One change was that capitalism made subcultures of wage-earning people. These people began to create their own rules and standards on how to run their community. Some of the rules where sexual behavior, target family size, and new techniques for contraception and abortion. The new young people were sexually active and it became a social norm to have sex before marriage. Shorter thinks that some aspect of industrialism must be held accountable for the expressly permissive sexual content of the subcultures. Another change dealing with capitalism was the mentality of the market place. As women began working in the market place they began to bring the principles of the market place into other areas of their lives. Shorter believes that the labor markets were the most direct source of personal freedom. Capitalism’s metal habits of maximizing one’s self-interest and sacrificing community goals to get individual profit was what women learned in the market place and it’s what they wanted in all aspects of life including their family and their freedom. Lastly, the industrial advance along with capitalism removed many external controls upon female sexual freedom. As women were bringing home paychecks meant they contributed to the family’s resources and would be entitled to a greater voice in how these resources were used. This lead to women being more equal and the premarital sex codes became more permissive as her status  was completely dependent on the husbands. Shorter came to state that capitalism entitled a source for females to be independent and have sexual freedom. The low wage, young people started the involvement in the market economy. The prosperous women soon followed in the nineteenth century. For unmarried women capitalism meant personal and sexual freedom. Young women were able to go against parental controls with her sexual and emotional independence because she knew the market would still hire her and give her self-sufficiency, and if needed, would move her to a town where she could work. This lead to the absence of birth control and therefore illegitimacy. You say more than necessary in the first paragraph of this section; your explanation of the argument could be stronger.

The Life Of John C Calhoun History Essay

The Life Of John C Calhoun History Essay Throughout his lifetime, John Caldwell Calhoun achieved many different titles. He had experience as a statesman, a political philosopher, a secretary of war, a secretary of state, a member of the Senate, a member of Congress, the leading champion of Southern rights, and even Vice President of the United States (USGenWeb 1). No matter what position he held, his views and dreams for the South stayed consistent. During his career as vice president, he constantly pushed Jackson to help keep the South alive (Bartlett 26). Calhoun spent much of his life promoting growth of the South. John Calhoun was born on a South Carolina farm in 1782. His father, Patrick Calhoun, was a very religious man who treated his son very badly. He was a judge, owned countless slaves, and had also served in the South Carolina legislature (Capers 4). John, however, graduated from Yale in 1804 and studied law at Tapping Reeves in Litchfield, CN (Capers 9-11). In 1811, John married a distant cousin and had 9 children. Calhouns marriage brought him great fortune. As a result, Calhoun built a plantation called Fort Hill in 1825 (Bartlett 39). As time went by, Calhoun began involving himself with political philosophy, ideas, and business more often. He was later referred to as a thinking machine, always speaking in a very fast, serious manner (Niven 49). In 1808, John Calhoun was elected to the State legislature of South Carolina, beginning his career in politics. Two years later, he was elected to the Unites States House of Representatives. Henry Clay selected Calhoun to be the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. He, among others, strongly encouraged the War of 1812. Calhoun urged the House to build a strong army. Even after the war, his efforts towards achieving a stronger military continued (Niven 98). Over time, however, it seems as though the level of importance of a strong military in Calhouns mind decreased significantly. In 1846, John Calhoun refused to vote in favor of the declaration of war against Mexico. Eventually, the idea of peace entered Calhouns mind as right and therefore determined war as, in his words, a positive evil (Cralle 277). In 1817, Calhoun went into James Monroes Cabinet as a nationalist. In Monroes Cabinet, he was the secretary of state until 1825 (Capers 61). Calhoun later served as vice president to John Quinsy Adams from 1825 to 1829. He was later elected vice president again under Andrew Jackson (USGenWeb 1). Both of his terms as vice president to the Unites States is what he is best known as. During the time of Calhouns term as vice president to Andrew Jackson, the Nullification Crisis surfaced. This time period is directly linked to the Tariff of Abominations along with the resulting chaos that that followed (Bartlett 102). Calhoun wished to run for president after Jacksons term was over, but during Jacksons first term, he and Calhoun had many conflicts. Jackson was furious when he discovered that Calhoun had criticized his invasion of Florida in 1818. Also, John C. Calhoun had his thoughts and beliefs concerning the Tariff of Abominations expressed in The South Carolina Exposition and Protest. This was later referred to as Calhouns Exposition. Although Calhoun had written this document anonymously, the author of the document was still clear to many. In this document, Calhoun warned that if the Tariff of Abominations was not rejected, South Carolina would break away. It was also stated by Calhoun that if it was decided that a Federal document was unconstitutional, any st ate held the right to nullify the document. This idea was later named Calhouns Doctrine of nullification. Calhoun made a clear attempt to convince others that the Tariff of Abominations was a direct attack on the South (Niven 180-181). In 1832, Calhoun resigned as vice president and soon after got elected into the senate. He used this opportunity to defend South Carolina. In that same year, South Carolina announced that the Tariff of Abominations was null in void in that state. When the other Southern states did not follow South Carolinas example as originally planned, Henry Clay proposed a compromise designed to lower the tariffs over a long period of time (USGenWeb 1). While in the Senate during the 1830s, Calhoun began attacking abolitionists and demanding that revolts against slavery in the North be stopped. He also did not want abolitionist petitions to be acknowledged by Congress (Bartlett 210). John Calhoun defended both slavery and the South with all of his might. Calhoun was soon after known to be the most popular slavery defender by many people (Bartlett 235). Although he made his plans of being chosen to run in the presidential election in the letters he had written to his friends, few people expected Calhoun to carry out the attitude of a candidate (Bartlett 237). The closer it got to the presidential race, the more Calhoun would go out of his way to not only impress the people, but also to gain their respect. In one of his attempts, he became a member of the Irish Immigrant Society of New York. He did this as a way of expressing the pride that he felt for his heritage and his father who had been an Irish immigrant himself (Bartlett 238). This proved to win the attention of many working class citizens of New York. Calhoun declared his candidacy in 1843 but later withdrew from the race. Instead, he took on the role as secretary of state under John Tyler who only had one year before his term was completed (Niven 264). Congress had adopted Texas into the Union by 1844. As a direct result, the slavery area of the United States grew. This helped maintain the sectional balance within the Union (USGenWeb 1). By the following year, Calhoun had rejoined the Senate. During his time in the Senate, Calhoun had opposed the Wilmot Proviso after first opposing the war versus Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso had been created to prevent slavery from occurring within any territory taken from Mexico during the war. Calhoun knew that a war between America and Mexico was a bad idea. He feared that if a war was declared with Mexico, America would enter under the wrong circumstances (Bartlett 341). While in the Senate, Calhoun was successful in limiting the frequency of discussions held in Congress regarding slavery. Maintaining the same attitude towards slavery, when the Compromise of 1850 idea was introduced, Calhoun not only voted against it, but made it publicly known that he saw it as disgraceful (Niven 293). The Compromise of 1850 stated that Southerners rights to bring their slaves into other Union territories were not guaranteed. When the Compromise of 1850 was adopted, Calhoun was no longer alive. Calhoun appeared in Congress for the last time on the seventh of March. On that particular day, he listened to the sectional peace appeal made by Daniel Webster and approved. In the last month of his life, Calhoun had countless discussions with his fellow Southerners. He made his growing fear for the future of the South very clear. Nothing short of the terms I propose can settle it finally and permanently. Indeed, it is difficult to see how two peoples so different and hostile can exist together (Capers 252). On the night before his death, Calhoun said to his friends, If I had my health and strength to devote one more hour to my country in the Senate, I could do no more than in my whole life (Capers 253). Calhouns dedication to the Union was undeniably sincere. The countless efforts put forward, and the measures taken by Calhoun to support and protect the South are without a doubt deserving of respect. In Washington D.C, John Caldwell Calhoun was pronounced dead on March 31, 1850.

Eastman Kodak analysis Essay -- essays research papers

At your request, I have compiled information on Eastman Kodak Co., so that you may come to an investment decision. The report will consider the company’s background (including Kodak’s areas of production), a past obstacle Kodak has had to face and overcome, and a financial snapshot of Kodak over the past five years. BACKGROUND Originally founded in 1880 by George Eastman, the Eastman Kodak company now stands as a leader in the infoimaging industry. Infoimaging is a $385 billion industry that consists of using traditional and digital film to allow people to capture and deliver images through cameras, computers, and the media. Currently under the direction of Chairman and CEO Daniel A. Carp, Eastman Kodak is divided into three major areas of production. 1. Kodak’s Digital and Film Imaging Systems section produces digital and traditional film cameras for consumers, professional photographers, and the entertainment industry. This segment accounts for 69% of revenues earned by Kodak in 2003. 2. Health Imaging caters to the health care market by creating health imaging products such as medical films, chemicals, and processing equipment. Health Imaging also places emphasis on radiology for dental, mammography, and oncology markets. Health Imaging accounts for 18% of revenues earned by Kodak in 2003. 3. The Commercial Imaging group produces aerial, industrial, graphic, and micrographic films, inkjet printers, scanners, and digital printing equipment to target commercial and ...

Dantes Inferno in Comparison to Christianity and The Media Essay

Dantes Inferno in Comparison to Christianity and The Media Dante's Inferno is a strange journey through hell, which at times seems familiar but then sometimes seems unexpected. As an American and a Christian it is possible to think that my opinion on this could be crafted from my religion and our society, particularly its media. In my mind I see hell as this place of immense torment bestowed on sinners. My faith has taught me that those who sin go to hell to be punished. Dante's adventure clearly shows that the souls of hell are punished, as I thought. Punishments range from living in filth to painful tortures. What my religion or any movies or television shows I've seen mentioned is the idea of a hierarchy. The idea of hell being made up of circles that descend based on sin. While this idea makes sense, I have never been exposed to that thought, so it a little surprising, but also interesting. My view of hell was this burning hole where all the souls of sinners kind of dwell together. I basically felt that a sin is a sin, this is probably because it was instil...

Case Study in Baguio

INTRODUCTIONSocio-cultural can be easily understood by anyone because it only defines  the interaction of people and different kinds of culture and tourism is one of the reasons there have been a generation of socio-cultural impacts. Socio-cultural impacts of tourism are described as the effects on the host communities of direct and indirect interaction with the tourists and the relation with the tourism industry. The impacts arise when tourism brings about changes in value systems and behavior and thereby threatens indigenous identity.Furthermore, changes often occur in community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality. But tourism can also generate positive impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs. As often happens when different cultures meet, socio-cultural impacts are ambiguous: the same objectively described impacts ar e seen as beneficial by some groups, and are perceived as negative – or as having negative aspects – by other stakeholders.OBJECTIVEThis case study aims to address the socio-cultural impacts of Tourism on researcher’s chosen host community which is Baguio by going on the place, doing observation, information gathering and interviewing indigenous people. Another reason is to generate or create possible strategies in giving solution to the negative impacts and to strengthen the positive impacts that has been observe in the area. This case study also aims to explain this issue with our fellow Tourism Students that will help in giving better understanding with the subject.OBSERVATIONFrom the long span of time that we have spent in observing the changes happened to the â€Å"summer capital of the Philippines†, we have determined positive and negative impacts of tourism in the socio-cultural aspects of Baguio. These are the results:POSITIVE NEGATIVE Cultural Pr eservation Congestion of Residential Construction and Overpopulation Preservation of Man-Made Attractions Prostitution Strengthening Communities Production of Prohibited Drugs Generating Work for Local Communities Pollution and Waste Development of Facilities Traffic Peace Undergoing Transportation infrastructure Increasing Crime Rate Cultural Diversity Figure 1. Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism in Socio-CulturalANALYZATIONBy going personally at Baguio city, we’ve been capable of analyzing positive and negative impacts of tourism in socio-cultural aspects and to fully understand the identified impacts. Here are the explanations: On the positive impacts:Cultural preservation – Tourism helped boost the preservation and transmission of cultural and historical traditions, which often contributes to the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, the protection of local heritage, and a renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural arts and crafts. P reservation of Man-made attraction – Aside from preservation of cultural arts, they also become aware of making different places in Baguio beautiful and well preserved for a long time because these are one of their ways in facing the demands of the tourists Strengthening communities – Tourism can helped in adding vitality in the city of Baguio in many ways.One example is that events and festivals of which local residents have been the primary participants and spectators are often rejuvenated and developed in response to tourist interest. Generating work for local communities – To fulfill the needs of the tourists, tourism created jobs for the local residents that gave answer also to the needs of the community and the economy. Local residents also don’t need to be away from their families  to look for a job. Development of facilities – the development of the tourism in the city of Baguio gave benefit to the local residents because tourism helped i n the improvement of infrastructures, health, and transportation facilities. Also, new sport and recreational facilities, restaurants, and public spaces as well as an influx of better-quality commodities and food bringing Baguio to a higher and better standard of living.On the negative impacts:Congestion of Residential construction and Overpopulation – Baguio is very blessed in natural resources specially the weather and because of these one of a kind asset that can’t be found in other places, a lot of people wished and moved to Baguio to experience and enjoy the gifts of God to Baguio but because of that interest. A lot of people are already congested in the mountains of Baguio and they are the reason why some of the natural resources are already destroyed. They keep on building housing infrastructure in Baguio that we can’t even find an open space. Prostitution – we can’t change the fact that in most of the famous destinations in the Philippines that had been fully affected by the changes of this generation and influenced by the liberation of other culture became prone to prostitution. This kind of impact lowers the morality of the community which is not good for the residents of Baguio.Production of Prohibited drugs – from what we have heard, drug dealers can produce good quality of prohibited drugs because of the convenient weather and to think of it, it has also the same impact of prostitution. It lowers the morality and drives the younger residents of Baguio to this unlikely nature. And it also brings criminal rate of the city to a higher scale. Pollution and waste – there are ton of people visiting and living in Baguio and that gives a ton of waste to land and air. Hotels and other establishments assessing the needs of the tourists is the primary contributor of these waste but it can be solve with the participation of the residents and tourists in Baguio.Traffic – it doesn’t really concern i n the cultural aspects that Baguio have but it does concern in the society. The primary mode of transportation going to Baguio is by car and since there are hundreds of people with cars are going to Baguio, it causes traffic and congestion that also results to the inconvenience of  everyone. Undergoing transportation infrastructure – In relation to the traffic, we have observe as we travel going to Baguio, there are a lot of roads that are either wrecked or under construction making the travel time a lot longer. Baguio is a famous destination and it is much better if the roads are fixed and there are lights on the side of the roads that can give safety to the visitors travelling to Baguio.Cultural Diversity – Cultural diversity has a different case, it has both the positive and negative impacts in the socio-cultural aspects. Baguio always faces different kinds of culture for a long period of time already and as everything is improving, Baguio also improves with it. L ocal residents learned how to make their lifestyles much better and try to be in with the current trends today but because of that, some of the cultures in Benguet are already fading and almost forgotten which is the bad side of the improving society. Some of the local residents are already socialized and the number of pure natives is decreasing fast due to the time and the influence of tourists that has different cultures. Increasing Crime Rate – with a lot of tourist, we can’t really be sure that all of them have good intentions and some of them became snatcher and holdapers. With these incidents, it became a threat to some tourist and this gives them the reason not to go to Baguio. It lessens their security and safetyCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONWe concluded on the end of our observation that Baguio still has rich cultural arts that should be seen by more future generations and the local residents of Baguio are very good at preserving their cultural heritage. Even t he society is being more into the current trend, it is nice that they still treasure their culture and they are also proud of it. It terms of finding solution and suggestions to the problems and to improve their strengths, the only possible answers we can get are these: More support from the Government in implementing further rules and regulations Participation and Discipline of both Local Residents and Tourists Cooperation of the Hotels, restaurants and other service facilities in Baguio Awareness of everyone to the environmental issues

House on Mango Street: Four Skinny Trees

The Trees of Hope and Courage In The House on Mango Street, the author Sandra Cisneros takes you into a completely different world through the eyes of a young, insecure Esperanza growing up in a poor section of Chicago. A vignette that especially stood out was â€Å"Four Skinny Trees†. In this vignette Esperanza is describing four skinny trees that are overlooked and underappreciated. Cisneros uses powerful personification techniques that not only create vivid images but trigger intense reactions. Her words trigger despair and hope, fear and courage, strength and weakness. Esperanza is connected to these trees on an emotional level because what she is imagining in these trees is what she sees in herself. The trees served as emotional guides teaching Esperanza to have confidence. Cisneros projects Esperanza’s emotions onto these four skinny trees though powerful personification techniques. Esperanza sees a distinct parallel between her life and the trees. Esperanza feels as if, â€Å"They are the only ones who understand me. I am the only one who understands them† (74). Esperanza sees herself in these trees, â€Å"†¦with skinny necks and pointy elbows like mine† (74). She sees these scrawny trees trapped in the concrete of Mango Street and can relate because she too is stuck in the concrete of Mango Street. Esperanza sees a parallel between her and the trees and imagines these trees with souls and emotions that reflect her own. She perceives the trees as full of anger, â€Å"They grow up and they grow down and grab the earth between their hairy toes and bite the sky with violent teeth and never quite their anger† (74). It is apparent that these trees aren’t really angry but that Esperanza is embedding her hidden rage into these trees. Cisneros vivid personification makes the trees strong symbols of Esperanza’s emotions, her anger, fear, inconsequence and also her hope, courage and importance. These trees are misplaced and misunderstood but yet they keep on growing, keep on fighting. They continue to exist, not giving up, â€Å"Four who grew despite concrete† (75). The four scrawny, angry trees symbolize both hope and courage. To Esperanza these trees symbolize an emotional guide, they teach her she can trade despair for hope and fear for courage. The trees are teachers. The trees could very well surrender, â€Å"†¦ they’d all droop like tulips in a glass, each with arms around the other† (75). But they don’t they keep on growing despite that they do not belong. Esperanza takes courage from the trees to never give up. Esperanza has learned from these trees how to achieve a peace with who she is. These four skinny trees that were probably planted by some city worker on a concrete slab are objects in which Esperanza has brought to life with her own emotions. Because they too are misplaced like Esperanza but yet they continue to be and keep growing, they do not give up. They have taught her not to surrender to who she is but to accept it and keep growing. One day Esperanza will leave Mango Street but instead of living with despair waiting to escape she is living with hope for the future and the courage to be strong throughout the process.

Drinks Market and Smoking Ban Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drinks Market and Smoking Ban - Case Study Example It also focuses on the impact ban on smokers has on the cider market in UK along with the impact of the reduction of duties on the ciders. The UK retains relatively high levels of alcohol consumption. Historically, the country has been associated with brewing and distilling, the drinking of bitter in pubs and the consumption of whisky, a product historically tied in to Scotland. The trend for young people in their twenties to feel they can get drunk is being followed by teenagers who generally take an inspiration from the older people. (ICAP, 2007) This has resulted in more number of cases on 'binge' drinking - getting drunk more number of times within a very short time. The media suggests that this has been the main reason behind the increase in number of crimes at night. It is worth mentioning that studies show that of the people indulging in crimes at night, 80% of the cases were said to be committed by people between the age group of 20 and 30. When a bartender was asked about the increase in the drinking habits among the youth, he said, "'There's always someone asking for "one more bottle". Also the fact that publ ic transport in many places stops just before midnight, so if they miss the last bus (costing say 1.50), they'll have to get a taxi (costing say 10), so they feel that it is better to spend money on drinks rather than on the expensive taxi." Philip, from Kidderminster, commented "I like drinking beer because there are many different types of traditional British beer to try and also as it is nice to meet up in a pub with friends." These factors, coupled with the lethargic attitude of the government of UK have led to boost of sales of not just Magners, but other brands as well. Coming to the laws laid out by the Government, which say that serving alcohol should be stopped at 11 PM. All these factors have been immensely helping the brands to execute their strategies and tap the markets. In fact, the brands have been focusing on aggressive promotions in places close to various universities, which have been severely criticized by eminent educationists who feel that this could increase the crime rates in the universities. The Government too has come under severe criticism for remaining as a mute spectator to all this. Hence, it can be inevitably said that the above-mentioned factors did go a long way in making the most by the brands, who've always considered youth centric places as demographic markets, which needed to be tapped appropriately. The success of Magners clearly illustrates as to how successful marketing campaigns coupled with aggression can boost the overall performance and growth of a firm. The television advertisements of the brand have been described as the marketing success of the decade and more and more people shower

Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Consumer Behavior - Essay Example There are many changes taking place in the society structures and the family values are going down gradually (Giddens 1979, Giddens 1991; Miles 2000). At times advertisements can play an important role in bringing the family values together. There are some ads which treasure the family moments to the maximum and make you realize how important it is to give time to your loved ones. This is mostly shown through the chocolate or sweet ads. Celebrities have their own impact while they advertise for any ad (Atkin 1983) and mostly major companies want to take big celebrities to make an ad for them as this tends to generate more consumer response. Kodak camera films and cameras have their ads being portrayed as value expressive. They show that all the special moments in everyone’s life cannot be missed and it should be captured at the right time in the cameras. The digital cameras of Kodak also give the same message as the normal cameras that moments are special and cherishing for everyone and they should be given special treatment always. Value expressive influence of advertising may tend to create high emotional levels and also sensitive feeling for the consumers. They may become emotionally attached with the products as they would feel a strong sense of attachment while they use the product. Nokia advertisement can be considered as an informational group influencing ad as it portrays in their ad that having Nokia develops a lifestyle, it develops it for oneself and for others too, the consumers passion and fashion can be immensely taken to success because of having Nokia. The ad shows that with the use of Nokia, one has a strong confident personality and they can achieve whatever they want. If one aims to have very high goals they can do it while having the Nokia cell phones, as Nokia has portrayed its image as strong, reliable, unbreakable, good quality , resistant to damages. Other

Tatget market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tatget market - Essay Example The segments anticipated rationale into demanding for the services is based on scientific findings that physical exercise enhances memory potentials, a factor that the segment needs in their jobs. The segment’s ability to pay for the proposed services also identifies their potential demand towards better health because of the scientific knowledge that physical activity prevents and help in managing many chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardio vascular complications (Neeser 1-4). Women are another target segment for the business because of their interest in body weight that can be met through the gym and through juices and proteins from the bar. The segment is a significant target because of its members’ sensitivity to their weight that prompts them to solutions in the proposed business’ products. Though they are likely to be financed and even be influenced into the gym by their parents, children are another segment with interest in the gym for enhanced cogni tive development (Claritas

Martin Luther King and Alice Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Martin Luther King and Alice Walker - Essay Example Martin Luther King's epiphanies however, were such that they changed the face of a nation. When the Other Dancer is the Self by Alice Walker takes a beautiful and pertinent look at what drives women and particularly little girls. Beauty is something we all strive for, especially in today's media conscious world. It is really a connection between self confidence and self esteem that Alice Walker talks about. In the beginning of her memoir she speaks about being beautiful or 'cute' and having attention poured upon her. She remembers everything she is wearing and even what the day was like until the change occurs. In some instances where a tragic event changes a person's life they forget the good times, when everything seemed to be alright and focus rather on the event that changed their lives. Alice Walker has a vivid memory of the times when her confidence was high. There are essentially two paragraphs that describe these times and then one line that explains the change. That one line has its purpose in that effectively closes a chapter. Walker writes: "It was great fun be ing cute. But then, one day, it ended."(Walker 55). Alice Walker remembers then the tiniest detail of what changed her life and that scar that seemed to rip a gaping hole through her existence. There are actually two turning points within this story that both deal with the 'self' and the coming of age into a world where ones physical appearance no longer matters as much. When Alice Walker was shot, she had been known as a certain person and she feels thereafter that she was no longer that person. She remembers being changed and asking those around her whether or not she had changed. "Years later, in the throes of a mid-life crisis, I ask my mother and sister whether I changed after the 'accident.' 'No,' they say, puzzled. 'What do you mean'" (Walker 56). In this journey Walker begins to ask herself whether the change was part of her imagination. She wonders if that change was something so small yet significant that others could not see it. There are two ways of looking at this chang e or turning point. The first transition is when she was shot and when she imagined this change as being all-encompassing. The second change is when she realizes that it really made no difference and the way she sees herself is not necessarily the way the world sees you. Take for instance an acne sufferer: their condition has cleared up but they are so fixated on the one blemish that does not clear up that they believe this all other people see. They are often shocked when those around them honestly never noticed it. Alice Walker's perception of herself changed when her child likened her blind-eye to the way the world looks from a distance. This is a remarkable definition of the 'self', and once a new way of defining the 'self' is recognized, it puts everything else into perspective. Women are eternally concerned about their appearance perhaps still due to the old way of thinking in biological terms. Hundreds of years ago, a woman's future relied on finding a man and being able to k eep him. He was her security, which meant that keeping him from straying was important and therefore preservation of appearance was also imperative. This mind-set has not yet been abolished. The way others view our appearance is very much dependent on how we view ourselves and what we are aware of within that self. Alice Walker was more confident after the

Organic electronic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organic electronic - Essay Example Traditional electronics, involving the use of inorganic conductors, including copper and silicon, presents a use of materials that are heavier and more expensive than conductive polymers and organic semiconductors include dielectrics, conductors and light emitters that have many and varied applications in the field of electronics (Sun, 2008, Chapter 5) and (Wikipedia, 2010, â€Å"Organic Electronics†). Already, organic electronics based displays using organic light emitting diodes have found their way into car radios, etc., with rapid improvements expected in organic field effect transistors. According to published reports, the market for organic materials will be worth US$ 4.9 billion on 2012, and this will surge to US$15.8 billion in the year 2015 (Allen, 2008, Pp. 6). The previously mentioned author states that new kinds of semiconductor materials, including rubrene, hybrid materials and formulations made of carbon nanotubes will continue to spur the market to grow to US$4.9 billion by the year 2015, with the organic electronic substrate business growing to US$ 6.9 billion. According to NanoMarkets (2007, "Organic Harvest: Opportunities in Organic Electronic Materials"), eighty percent of organic electronic materials will be sold into the RFID, display backplanes and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) lighting and displays applications. However, according to the previously mentioned report, if organic electronics is to continue on the road to success, it will have to emulate the traditional semiconductor industry and invent an organic version of CMOS with its own sta ble material sets. Thus, firms specialising in materials for electronics and organic electronic materials must offer commercial quantities of n-type semiconductors and organic dielectrics. In addition, the previously mentioned report suggests that for

Opening remarks. President of ASO Essay Example for Free

Opening remarks. President of ASO Essay Good morning, Ladies and Gentlemen. First, let me warmly welcome you all to this meeting of the Associated Students Organization (ASO). I hope that my introductory remarks will help to give us all a sense of direction and a common purpose for our work within the guidelines set out in the ASO Charter of July 2005. Let me begin by briefly revisiting last year’s ARO sponsored career day: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Over 7500 students attended 550 businesses had booths 15 distinguished speakers ( Steve Jobs, Colin Powell to name a few) All branches of services were represented 45 business development services offering workshops on starting businesses The responses last year were some of the largest we have ever seen even with this weak economy. The goal for this year is to aid our students to get hired before they leave for the day. I would like us to focus on more career planners and workshops to help these students plan for their life long career. When our students graduate, they are competing with a high unemployment rate, thus making securing the job as well as keeping it difficult. Business development can aid our business majors with the consideration of starting their own business and being their own boss, not to mention maybe if they are successful, they can hire others within their communities that need employment. Our challenges are tough, but I believe that we are successful if 80% of our graduates get hired as a result of this career day, we have been a success. Thank You.

Contribution Of Robert Owen In The 19th Century Commerce Essay

Contribution Of Robert Owen In The 19th Century Commerce Essay Though Owen is considered to be paternalistic in his view, his contribution is of a considerable significance in the theories of Motivation. During the early years of the nineteenth century, Owens textile mill at New Lanark in Scotland was the scene of some novel ways of treating people. His view was that people were similar to machines. A machine that is looked after properly, cared for and maintained well, performs efficiently, reliably and lastingly, similarly people are likely to be more efficient if they are taken care of. Robert Owen practiced what he preached and introduced such things as employee housing and company shop. His ideas on this and other matters were considered to be too revolutionary for that time. 2) Jeremy Benthams The Carrot and the Stick Approach : Possibly the essence of the traditional view of people at work can be best appreciated by a brief look at the work of this English philosopher, whose ideas were also developed in the early years of the Industrial Revolution, around 1800. Benthams view was that all people are self-interested and are motivated by the desire to avoid pain and find pleasure. Any worker will work only if the reward is big enough, or the punishment sufficiently unpleasant. This view the carrot and stick approach was built into the philosophies of the age and is still to be found, especially in the older, more traditional sectors of industry. The various leading theories of motivation and motivators seldom make reference to the carrot and the stick. This metaphor relates, of course, to the use of rewards and penalties in order to induce desired behavior. It comes from the old story that to make a donkey move, one must put a carrot in front of him or dab him with a stick from behind. Despite all the research on the theories of motivation, reward and punishment are still considered strong motivators. For centuries, however, they were too often thought of as the only forces that could motivate people. At the same time, in all theories of motivation, the inducements of some kind of carrot are recognized. Often this is money in the form of pay or bonuses. Even though money is not the only motivating force, it has been and will continue to be an important one. The trouble with the money carrot approach is that too often everyone gets a carrot, regardless of performance through such practices as salary increase and promotion by seniority, automatic merit increases, and executive bonuses not based on individual manager performance. It is as simple as this : If a person put a donkey in a pen full of carrots and then stood outside with a carrot, would the donkey be encouraged to come out of the pen ? The stick, in the form of fear-fear of loss of job, loss of income, reduction of bonus, demotion, or some other penalty-has been and continues to be a strong motivator. Yet it is admittedly not the best kind. It often gives rise to defensive or retaliatory behavior, such as union organization, poor-quality work, executive indifference, failure of a manager to take any risks in decision making or even dishonesty. But fear of penalty cannot be overlooked. Whether managers are first-level supervisors or chief executives, the power of their position to give or with hold rewards or impose penalties of various kinds gives them an ability to control, to a very great extent, the economic and social well-being of their subordinates. 3) Abraham Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory : One of the most widely mentioned theories of motivation is the hierarchy of needs theory put forth by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. As per his theory this needs are : (i) Physiological needs : These are important needs for sustaining the human life. Food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep, medicine and education are the basic physiological needs which fall in the primary list of need satisfaction. Maslow was of an opinion that until these needs were satisfied to a degree to maintain life, no other motivating factors can work. (ii) Security or Safety needs : These are the needs to be free of physical danger and of the fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional harm. (iii) Social needs : Since people are social beings, they need to belong and be accepted by others. People try to satisfy their need for affection, acceptance and friendship. (iv) Esteem needs : According to Maslow, once people begin to satisfy their need to belong, they tend to want to be held in esteem both by themselves and by others. This kind of need produces such satisfaction as power, prestige status and self-confidence. It includes both internal esteem factors like self-respect, autonomy and achievements and external esteem factors such as states, recognition and attention. (v) Need for self-actualization : Maslow regards this as the highest need in his hierarchy. It is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming, it includes growth, achieving ones potential and self-fulfillment. It is to maximize ones potential and to accomplish something. Motivation2 As each of these needs are substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. From the standpoint of motivation, the theory would say that although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. So if you want to motivate someone, you need to understand what level of the hierarchy that person is on and focus on satisfying those needs or needs above that level. Maslows need theory has received wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers. This can be attributed to the theorys intuitive logic and ease of understanding. However, research does not validate these theory. Maslow provided no empirical evidence and other several studies that sought to validate the theory found no support for it. TOP 4) Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor : McGregor, in his book The Human side of Enterprise states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. After viewing the way in which the manager dealt with employees, McGregor concluded that a managers view of the nature of human beings is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and that he or she tends to mold his or her behavior towards subordinates according to these assumptions. Under the assumptions of theory X : Employees inherently do not like work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. Because employees dislike work, they have to be forced, coerced or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. Employees avoid responsibilities and do not work fill formal directions are issued. Most workers place a greater importance on security over all other factors and display little ambition. In contrast under the assumptions of theory Y : Physical and mental effort at work is as natural as rest or play. People do exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are committed to those goals. Average human beings are willing to take responsibility and exercise imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving the problems of the organization. That the way the things are organized, the average human beings brainpower is only partly used. On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. An organization that is run on Theory X lines tends to be authoritarian in nature, the word authoritarian suggests such ideas as the power to enforce obedience and the right to command. In contrast Theory Y organizations can be described as participative, where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are integrated; individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the organization. However, this theory has been criticized widely for generalization of work and human behavior. 5) Contribution of Rensis Likert : Likert developed a refined classification, breaking down organizations into four management systems. 1st System Primitive authoritarian 2nd System Benevolent authoritarian 3rd System Consultative 4th System Participative As per the opinion of Likert, the 4th system is the best, not only for profit organizations, but also for non-profit firms. 6) Frederick Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory : Frederick has tried to modify Maslows need Hierarchy theory. His theory is also known as two-factor theory or Hygiene theory. He stated that there are certain satisfiers and dissatisfiers for employees at work. In- trinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction. He devised his theory on the question : What do people want from their jobs ? He asked people to describe in detail, such situations when they felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad. From the responses that he received, he concluded that opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction. Removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the job satisfying. He states that presence of certain factors in the organization is natural and the presence of the same does not lead to motivation. However, their nonpresence leads to demotivation. In similar manner there are certain factors, the absence of which causes no dissatisfaction, but their presence has motivational impact. Motivation3 Examples of Hygiene factors are : Security, status, relationship with subordinates, personal life, salary, work conditions, relationship with supervisor and company policy and administration. Examples of Motivational factors are : Growth prospectus job advancement, responsibility, challenges, recognition and achievements. TOP 7) Contributions of Elton Mayo : The work of Elton Mayo is famously known as Hawthorne Experiments. He conducted behavioral experiments at the Hawthorne Works of the American Western Electric Company in Chicago. He made some illumination experiments, introduced breaks in between the work performance and also introduced refreshments during the pauses. On the basis of this he drew the conclusions that motivation was a very complex subject. It was not only about pay, work condition and morale but also included psychological and social factors. Although this research has been criticized from many angles, the central conclusions drawn were : People are motivated by more than pay and conditions. The need for recognition and a sense of belonging are very important. Attitudes towards work are strongly influenced by the group. 8) Vrooms Valence x Expectancy theory : The most widely accepted explanations of motivation has been propounded by Victor Vroom. His theory is commonly known as expectancy theory. The theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a specific way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual to make this simple, expectancy theory says that an employee can be motivated to perform better when their is a belief that the better performance will lead to good performance appraisal and that this shall result into realization of personal goal in form of some reward. Therefore an employee is : Motivation = Valence x Expectancy. The theory focuses on three things : Efforts and performance relationship Performance and reward relationship Rewards and personal goal relationship This leads us to a conclusion that : Motivation4 9) The Porter and Lawler Model : Lyman W. Porter and Edward E. Lawler developed a more complete version of motivation depending upon expectancy theory. Motivation5 Actual performance in a job is primarily determined by the effort spent. But it is also affected by the persons ability to do the job and also by individuals perception of what the required task is. So performance is the responsible factor that leads to intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards. These rewards, along with the equity of individual leads to satisfaction. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward. 10) Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory : Alderfer has tried to rebuild the hierarchy of needs of Maslow into another model named ERG i.e. Existence Relatedness Growth. According to him there are 3 groups of core needs as mentioned above. The existence group is concerned mainly with providing basic material existence. The second group is the individuals need to maintain interpersonal relationship with other members in the group. The final group is the intrinsic desire to grow and develop personally. The major conclusions of this theory are : In an individual, more than one need may be operative at the same time. If a higher need goes unsatisfied than the desire to satisfy a lower need intensifies. It also contains the frustration-regression dimension. 11) McClellands Theory of Needs : David McClelland has developed a theory on three types of motivating needs : Need for Power Need for Affiliation Need for Achievement Basically people for high need for power are inclined towards influence and control. They like to be at the center and are good orators. They are demanding in nature, forceful in manners and ambitious in life. They can be motivated to perform if they are given key positions or power positions. In the second category are the people who are social in nature. They try to affiliate themselves with individuals and groups. They are driven by love and faith. They like to build a friendly environment around themselves. Social recognition and affiliation with others provides them motivation. People in the third area are driven by the challenge of success and the fear of failure. Their need for achievement is moderate and they set for themselves moderately difficult tasks. They are analytical in nature and take calculated risks. Such people are motivated to perform when they see atleast some chances of success. McClelland observed that with the advancement in hierarchy the need for power and achievement increased rather than Affiliation. He also observed that people who were at the top, later ceased to be motivated by this drives.