Colleges that Accept the Common Application in 2019-20

As of the 2019-20 admissions cycle, over 884 colleges and universities accept the Common Application. This list grew by over 50 members just in 2019. These schools range from some of the most selective in the world to those with nearly open admissions. Most of these colleges have holistic admissions policies but this has not been a prerequisite for membership since 2014. Those that do practice holistic admissions consider the whole applicant, not just grades, test scores, and other numerical measures. Extracurricular activities, an application essay, and multiple letters of recommendation are important to the admissions process for the majority of the following colleges. United States Schools that Accept the Common Application Click the links below to learn more about the standardized test scores, acceptance rates, and tuition fees of these Common App colleges. A Adelphi UniversityAgnes Scott College Alaska Pacific UniversityAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesAlbertus Magnus  CollegeAlbion CollegeAlbright CollegeAlfred UniversityAllegheny CollegeAlma CollegeAlvernia UniversityAMDA College and Conservatory of the Performing ArtsAmerican UniversityAmherst CollegeAnderson UniversityAnna Maria CollegeAntioch CollegeAppalachian State University Aquinas College (Michigan)Arcadia University Arizona Christian UniversityArizona State UniversityArkansas State UniversityArt Academy of CincinnatiAsbury UniversityAshland UniversityAssumption CollegeAugsburg CollegeAugustana College (Illinois)Augustana College (South Dakota)Austin CollegeAve Maria University B Babson CollegeBaldwin-Wallace CollegeBard CollegeBard College at Simons Rock - The Early CollegeBarnard CollegeBarry UniversityBarton CollegeBaruch College, The City University of New York Bates CollegeBay Path CollegeBaylor UniversityBecker CollegeBellarmine UniversityBelmont UniversityBeloit CollegeBenedictine  CollegeBenedictine University (Arizona)Benedictine University (Illinois)Bennington CollegeBentley UniversityBerry CollegeBethany College (West Virginia)Binghamton University (SUNY)Birmingham-Southern CollegeBloomfield CollegeBluffton UniversityBoston CollegeBoston UniversityBowdoin CollegeBowling Green  State UniversityBradley UniversityBrandeis UniversityBrenau University Bridgewater CollegeBridgewater State University Brooklyn College, The City University of New YorkBrown UniversityBryant UniversityBryn Mawr CollegeBucknell UniversityButler University C Cabrini UniversityCairn UniversityCaldwell CollegeCalifornia College of the ArtsCalifornia Institute of Technology (Caltech)California Lutheran UniversityCalifornia University of PennsylvaniaCalvin CollegeCanisius CollegeCapital UniversityCapitol Technology UniversityCarleton CollegeCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarroll College (Montana)Carroll University (Wisconsin)Carthage CollegeCase Western Reserve UniversityCastleton UniversityCatawba CollegeCatholic University of AmericaCazenovia CollegeCedar Crest CollegeCentenary College of LouisianaCentenary University  (New Jersey)Central Connecticut State University Central Michigan UniversityCentre CollegeChamplain CollegeChapman UniversityCharles  R. Drew University  of Medicine and ScienceChatham University Chestnut Hill CollegeChicago State UniversityChristian Brothers UniversityChristopher Newport UniversityClaremont McKenna CollegeClark Atlanta UniversityClark UniversityClarkson UniversityCleveland State UniversityCoe CollegeColby CollegeColby-Sawyer CollegeColgate UniversityCollege of the AtlanticCollege of the Holy CrossCollege of IdahoCollege of Mount Saint VincentThe College of New JerseyCollege of New RochelleCollege of Saint BenedictCollege of Saint ElizabethCollege of St. Joseph (Vermont)College of Saint RoseCollege of St. Scholastica College of Staten Island, The City University of New YorkCollege of William MaryCollege of WoosterColorado CollegeColorado State University Columbia College Chicago Columbia College HollywoodColumbia College (Missouri)Columbia College (South Carolina)Columbia UniversityConcordia College (Moorhead)Concordia College (New York)Concordia University PortlandConcordia University ChicagoConcordia University IrvineConcordia University WisconsinConnecticut CollegeConverse CollegeCooper UnionCornell CollegeCornell University Covenant CollegeCreighton UniversityCulinary Institute of America (CA)Culinary Institute of America (NY)Culinary Institute of America (TX) Culver Stockton CollegeCUNY Queens College, The City University of New YorkCurry College D D Youville CollegeDaemen CollegeDartmouth CollegeDavidson CollegeDean CollegeDefiance CollegeDelaware Valley CollegeDenison UniversityDePaul UniversityDePauw UniversityDeSales UniversityDickinson CollegeDillard UniversityDominican College Dominican University (Illinois)Dominican University of CaliforniaDrake UniversityDrew UniversityDrexel UniversityDrury UniversityDuke University Duquesne University E Earlham CollegeEast Carolina UniversityEastern Connecticut State UniversityEastern Kentucky UniversityEastern Mennonite University Eastern Michigan UniversityEckerd CollegeEdgewood CollegeEdinboro University of PennsylvaniaElizabethtown CollegeElmira CollegeElms College Elon UniversityEmerson CollegeEmmanuel College (Georgia)Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)Emory Henry CollegeEmory University Eureka CollegeEvergreen State College F Fairfield UniversityFairleigh Dickinson  UniversityFelician College Fisher CollegeFisk UniversityFlagler CollegeFlashpoint Chicago, A Campus of Columbia College Hollywood Florida Atlantic University Florida Gulf Coast UniversityFlorida Institute of TechnologyFlorida Polytechnic UniversityFlorida Southern CollegeFlorida State UniversityFordham UniversityFramingham State University Franklin CollegeFranklin and Marshall CollegeFranklin Pierce UniversityFranklin W. Olin College  of EngineeringFurman University G Gannon UniversityGardner-Webb UniversityGeneseo (SUNY)George Fox UniversityGeorge Mason UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityGeorgia College State University (GCSU)Georgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia State UniversityGeorgian Court UniversityGettysburg CollegeGoddard CollegeGonzaga UniversityGoshen CollegeGoucher CollegeGreen Mountain CollegeGrinnell CollegeGuilford CollegeGustavus Adolphus CollegeGwynedd Mercy University H Hamilton CollegeHamline UniversityHampden-Sydney CollegeHampshire College Hampton UniversityHanover CollegeHartwick CollegeHarvard UniversityHarvey Mudd CollegeHastings CollegeHaverford CollegeHawaii Pacific University Heidelberg UniversityHellenic CollegeHendrix CollegeHigh Point UniversityHilbert CollegeHillsdale CollegeHiram CollegeHobart and William Smith CollegesHofstra UniversityHollins UniversityHoly Names UniversityHood CollegeHope CollegeHoughton CollegeHoward University Hunter College,  The City University of New YorkHusson University I Illinois CollegeIllinois Institute of TechnologyIllinois Wesleyan UniversityImmaculata UniversityIndiana University at BloomingtonIndiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Iona CollegeIowa State University at AmesIthaca College J Jacksonville UniversityJefferson (Philadelphia University Thomas Jefferson University)Jefferson College of Health SciencesJohn Carroll UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityJohnson Wales University - CharlotteJohnson Wales University - DenverJohnson Wales University - North MiamiJohnson Wales University - ProvidenceJuniata College K Kalamazoo CollegeKansas State UniversityKean UniversityKeene State CollegeKeiser UniversityKent State UniversityKenyon CollegeKettering UniversityKeuka CollegeKeystone CollegeKings College (Pennsylvania)Knox CollegeKutztown University of Pennsylvania L La Roche CollegeLa Salle UniversityLafayette CollegeLake Erie CollegeLake Forest College Landmark CollegeLasell CollegeLawrence Technological UniversityLawrence UniversityLe Moyne CollegeLebanon Valley CollegeLehigh UniversityLesley UniversityLewis Clark CollegeLewis UniversityLindenwood UniversityLinfield CollegeLipscomb UniversityList College (Jewish Theological Seminary)Long Island University (Brooklyn Campus)Long Island University (C W Post Campus)Longwood UniversityLoras CollegeLouisiana State UniversityLourdes UniversityLoyola Marymount UniversityLoyola University MarylandLoyola University New OrleansLuther CollegeLycoming CollegeLynn UniversityLyon College M Macalester CollegeMacMurray CollegeMaine College of ArtMaine Maritime AcademyMalone UniversityManchester UniversityManhattan CollegeManhattanville CollegeMarietta CollegeMarist CollegeMarlboro CollegeMarquette UniversityMarshall UniversityMary Baldwin UniversityMaryland Institute College of ArtMarymount California UniversityMarymount Manhattan CollegeMarymount UniversityMaryville University Saint LouisMarywood UniversityMassachusetts College of Art and DesignMassachusetts College of Liberal ArtsMassachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences The Masters UniversityMcDaniel CollegeMcKendree UniversityMenlo CollegeMercer UniversityMercy CollegeMercyhurst UniversityMeredith CollegeMerrimack CollegeMessiah College Methodist College of UnityPoint HealthMiami University (Ohio)Michigan State UniversityMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMiddlebury College Midway UniversityMillersville University of PennsylvaniaMillikin UniversityMills CollegeMillsaps CollegeMilwaukee School of EngineeringMinerva Schools at KGI Misericordia University Missouri Southern State UniversityMissouri State UniversityMissouri University of Science and TechnologyMitchell CollegeMolloy CollegeMonmouth CollegeMonmouth UniversityMontserrat College of ArtMoore College of Art and DesignMoravian CollegeMorehouse College Mount Aloysius CollegeMount Holyoke College Mount Mary UniversityMount Saint Mary CollegeMount Saint Marys University (Los Angeles)Mount St. Marys UniversityMuhlenberg CollegeMuskingum University N Naropa UniversityNazareth CollegeNebraska Wesleyan  UniversityNeumann UniversityNew College of FloridaNew England CollegeNew England Institute of TechnologyNew Jersey City UniversityNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyThe New SchoolNew York Institute of TechnologyNew York School of Career Applied Studies of Touro College and University SystemNew York UniversityNewberry CollegeNewbury CollegeNiagara UniversityNichols CollegeNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Central College (Illinois)North Park UniversityNortheastern UniversityNorthern Kentucky UniversityNorthern Vermont University JohnsonNorthland CollegeNorthwest Christian UniversityNorthwest Nazarene UniversityNorthwestern UniversityNorthwood UniversityNorwich UniversityNotre Dame of Maryland UniversityNotre Dame de Namur UniversityNova Southeastern University O Oberlin CollegeOberlin Conservatory of MusicOccidental CollegeOglethorpe UniversityOhio Northern UniversityOhio State UniversityOhio UniversityOhio Wesleyan UniversityOklahoma City UniversityOld Dominion UniversityOlivet CollegeOregon State UniversityOtis College of Art and DesignOtterbein University P Pace UniversityPacific Lutheran UniversityPacific UniversityPaul Smiths CollegePenn State UniversityPennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Pennsylvania College of TechnologyPepperdine UniversityPiedmont CollegePine Manor CollegePitzer CollegePlymouth State UniversityPoint Loma Nazarene UniversityPomona CollegePresbyterian CollegePrescott CollegePrinceton UniversityPrincipia CollegeProvidence CollegePurchase College (SUNY)Purdue UniversityPurdue University Fort Wayne Q Queens University of CharlotteQuincy UniversityQuinnipiac University R Radford UniversityRamapo College of New JerseyRandolph CollegeRandolph-Macon CollegeReed CollegeRegis CollegeRegis UniversityRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteRhode Island CollegeRhode Island School of DesignRhodes CollegeRice UniversityRider UniversityRingling College of Art and DesignRipon CollegeRivier CollegeRoanoke CollegeRobert Morris UniversityRoberts Wesleyan CollegeRochester Institute of Technology (RIT)Roger Williams UniversityRollins CollegeRose-Hulman Institute of TechnologyRosemont CollegeRowan UniversityRussell Sage College S Sacred Heart UniversitySage College of AlbanySt. Ambrose UniversitySt. Andrews UniversitySaint Anselm CollegeSt. Bonaventure UniversitySt. Catherine UniversitySt. Edwards UniversitySaint Francis UniversitySt. John Fisher CollegeSt. Johns College AnnapolisSt. Johns College Santa FeSaint Johns University (Minnesota)St. Johns University (New York)St. Josephs College - Brooklyn CampusSt. Josephs College - Long Island CampusSaint Josephs College of MaineSaint Josephs UniversitySt. Lawrence UniversitySaint Leo UniversitySt. Louis College of PharmacySaint Louis UniversitySaint Martins UniversitySaint Mary-of-the-Woods CollegeSaint Marys College of CaliforniaSaint Marys College of IndianaSt. Marys College of MarylandSaint Marys University of MinnesotaSaint Michaels CollegeSt. Norbert CollegeSt. Olaf CollegeSaint Peters CollegeSt. Thomas Aquinas CollegeSt. Thomas University (Florida)Saint Vincent CollegeSaint Xavier UniversitySalem College (North Carolina)Salisbury UniversitySalve Regina Univ ersitySamford UniversitySanta Clara UniversitySarah Lawrence CollegeSavannah College of Art and DesignSchool of the Art Institute of ChicagoScripps CollegeSeattle Pacific UniversitySeattle UniversitySeton Hall UniversitySeton Hill UniversitySewanee: The University of the SouthShawnee State UniversityShepherd UniversitySiena CollegeSierra Nevada CollegeSimmons CollegeSimpson College Simpson UniversitySkidmore CollegeSmith CollegeSoka University of AmericaSoutheast Missouri State UniversitySouthern California Institute of ArchitectureSouthern Connecticut State UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversitySouthern New Hampshire UniversitySouthwestern UniversitySpelman CollegeSpring Arbor UniversitySpring Hill CollegeSpringfield CollegeStanford UniversityStephens CollegeSterling CollegeStetson UniversityStevens Institute of TechnologyStevenson UniversityStockton UniversityStonehill CollegeStony Brook University (SUNY)Suffolk UniversitySUNY AlbanySUNY AlfredSUNY BrockportSUNY BuffaloSUNY CobleskillSUNY College Old WestburySUNY College of Environmental Science and ForestrySUNY College of Technology CantonSUNY CortlandSUNY DelhiSUNY Farmingdale State CollegeSUNY FredoniaSUNY Institute of TechnologySUNY Maritime CollegeSUNY Morrisville State CollegeSUNY New PaltzSUNY OneontaSUNY OswegoSUNY PlattsburghSUNY PolytechnicSUNY PotsdamSUNY PurchaseSUNY Stony Brook University ¹Susquehanna UniversitySwarthmore CollegeSweet Briar CollegeSyracuse University T Temple UniversityTexas Christian UniversityTexas Lutheran UniversityThiel CollegeThomas College Thomas More UniversityTiffin UniversityTransylvania UniversityTrine UniversityTrinity Christian CollegeTrinity College (Connecticut)Trinity University (Texas)Trinity Washington UniversityTruman State UniversityTufts UniversityTulane University U Union CollegeUnity CollegeUniversidad del Este (UNE)Universidad del Sagrado CorazonUniversity of AkronUniversity of Alabama - BirminghamUniversity of Arizona - TucsonUniversity of ArkansasUniversity of BridgeportUniversity of Central Florida University of CharlestonUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of Cincinnati - Blue Ash CollegeUniversity of Cincinnati - Clermont CollegeUniversity of Colorado - BoulderUniversity of ConnecticutUniversity of DallasUniversity of DaytonUniversity of DelawareUniversity of DenverUniversity of Detroit MercyUniversity of DubuqueUniversity of EvansvilleUniversity of FindlayUniversity of FloridaUniversity of HartfordUniversity of HoustonUniversity of IdahoUniversity of Illinois - ChicagoUniversity of the Incarnate WordUniversity of IndianapolisUniversity of IowaUniversity of KentuckyUniversity of La VerneUniversity of Louisiana - LafayetteU​niversity of LynchburgUniversity of MaineUniversity of Maine - AugustaUniversity of Maine - FarmingtonUniversity of Maine - Fort KentUniversity of Maine - MachiasUniversity of Maine - Presque IsleUniversity of Mary WashingtonUniversity of Maryland - Baltimore CountyUniversity of Maryland - Eastern ShoreUniversity of Massachusetts - AmherstUniversity of Massachusetts - BostonUniversity of Massachusetts - DartmouthUniversity of Massachusetts - LowellUniversity of MiamiUniversity of MichiganUniversity of Michigan - DearbornUniversity of Michigan - FlintUniversity of Minnesota - CrookstonUniversity of Minnesota - DuluthUniversity of Minnesota - Morris  University of Minnesota - RochesterUniversity of Minnesota - Twin CitiesUniversity of Mississippi - Oxford (Ole Miss)University of MissouriUniversity of Missouri - Kansas CityUniversity of Missouri - St. Louis  University of Nebraska - LincolnUniversity of Nevada - Las VegasUniversity of New EnglandUniversity of New HampshireUniversity of New HavenUniversity of North Carolina - AshevilleUniversity of North Carolina - Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina - CharlotteUniversity of North Carolina - GreensboroUniversity of North Carolina - WilmingtonUniversity of North DakotaUniversity of North FloridaUniversity of North TexasUniversity of Northern ColoradoUnive rsity of Northern IowaUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of OklahomaUniversity of OregonUniversity of the PacificUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of PortlandUniversity of ProvidenceUniversity of Puget SoundUniversity of RedlandsUniversity of Rhode IslandUniversity of RichmondUniversity of RochesterUniversity of St. FrancisUniversity of Saint Francis - Fort WayneUniversity of Saint JosephUniversity of St. ThomasUniversity of San DiegoUniversity of San FranciscoUniversity of the SciencesUniversity of ScrantonUniversity of South AlabamaUniversity of South Carolina  University of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of Southern MaineUniversity of Southern MississippiUniversity of TampaUniversity of Tennessee - KnoxvilleUniversity of Texas - ArlingtonUniversity of Texas - DallasUniversity of ToledoUniversity of TulsaUniversity of UtahUniversity of VermontUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of the WestUniversity of West FloridaUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversit y of Wisconsin - Stevens PointUniversity of WyomingUpper Iowa UniversityUrbana University - A Branch Campus of Franklin UniversityUrsinus CollegeUrsuline CollegeUtica College V Valparaiso UniversityVanderbilt UniversityVassar CollegeVermont Technical CollegeVillanova UniversityVirginia Commonwealth University W Wabash CollegeWagner CollegeWake Forest UniversityWalsh UniversityWarner Pacific CollegeWarren Wilson CollegeWartburg CollegeWashington Jefferson CollegeWashington and Lee UniversityWashington College (Maryland)Washington University - St. LouisWatkins College of Art, Design FilmWayne State UniversityWebb InstituteWebster UniversityWellesley CollegeWells CollegeWentworth Institute of TechnologyWesleyan CollegeWesleyan UniversityWest Chester University of PennsylvaniaWest Virginia UniversityWest Virginia Wesleyan CollegeWestern Connecticut State UniversityWestern Michigan UniversityWestern New England UniversityWestern State Colorado UniversityWestminster College (Missouri)Westminster College (Pennsylvania)Westminster College (Utah)Westmont CollegeWheaton College - IllinoisWheaton College (Massachusetts)Wheeling Jesuit UniversityWhitman CollegeWhittier CollegeWhitworth UniversityWichita State UniversityWidener UniversityWilberforce UniversityWilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic UniversityWilkes UniversityWillamette UniversityWilliam Jewell CollegeWilliam Paterson UniversityWilliams CollegeWilson CollegeWisconsin Lutheran CollegeWittenberg UniversityWofford CollegeWoodbury UniversityWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWright State University X Xavier UniversityXavier University (Louisiana) Y Yale UniversityYork College Z Zaytuna College International Schools that Accept the Common Application Aberystwyth University (Wales) American University (Bulgaria)American University (Beirut)The American University - ParisThe American University - RomeBard College - BerlinBath Spa UniversityBishops UniversityBournemouth UniversityBrunel University - LondonCarnegie Mellon University (Qatar)Doshisha University, The Institute for the Liberal ArtsDuke Kunshan UniversityDurham UniversityEcole hà ´telià ¨re de Lausanne (EHL)ESCP Europe Business SchoolFranklin University (Switzerland)Hult International Business SchoolIE UniversityIE University - MadridJacobs University BremenJohn Cabot University - RomeKeele UniversityMary Immaculate CollegeMaynooth University (Ireland)Monash University Musashino University (Japan)Newcastle UniversityNorthwestern University in QatarQueens University (Canada)Quest University (Canada)Regents University - LondonRichmond The American International University - LondonRiga Business SchoolRobert Gordon University Ryerson University (Canada)Saint Louis University - MadridSt. Marys University (England)Saint Thomas University (Canada)Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) (Korea)Temple University, Japan CampusUnderwood International College, Yonsei University (South Korea)Universidad Carlos III de MadridUniversity College - DublinUniversity of Aberdeen (UK) University of Bradford (England)University of Bristol (UK)University of Derby University of Dundee (Scotland)University of East AngliaUniversity of East LondonUniversity of GlasgowUniversity of GuelphUniversity of Hong KongUniversity of HuddersfieldUniversity of LimerickUniversity of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint  InstituteUniversity of PlymouthUniversity of SheffieldUniversity of St. AndrewsUniversity of StirlingUniversity of Warwick University of the West of EnglandUniversity of West LondonUniversity of WorcesterYale NUS College

The National Drinking Age Research Paper - 2214 Words

The National Drinking Age Research Paper In the United States of America, there is a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age legally specifies the youngest age in which a person is allowed to consume and purchase alcoholic beverages. From country to country, there are varying ages of legal drinking ages. There is much debate in the United States on whether the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen from twenty one, or should remain the same. People in favor of lowering the drinking age propose that since eighteen is characterized as being an adult (legally and socially), one of the rights that should come along with that is drinking alcohol. Also, that if we were to lower the drinking age, less young adults would be†¦show more content†¦The temperance societies were religious groups whose main focus was ridding American society from alcohol, because they believed it was the cause of all their misfortunes. Soon enough, this group became a powerful politic al force, campaigning on the state level for prohibition (prohibiting all sale, manufacture and transportation of intoxicating liquors for the use as beverages).4 In December 1917, Congress passed the 18th Amendment of prohibition and was sent to states for ratification.4 Two years later on January 29, 1919, the 18th Amendment receives the three-fourths majority of state ratification.4 Prohibition took effect in January 1920. Following the passage of the 18th Amendment, crime began to sprung about in large scale.4 Illegal sale and production of alcohol began to occur all across the United States. This action was called bootlegging.4 As the manufacturing and sale of the illegal alcohol went further into the underground, shady area, it began to be managed by gangs and the Mafia.4 They became skilled at bribing politicians and the police force to turn their face away from their illegal activities, and they renamed and transformed themselves into cultivated criminal businesses that obta ined immense profits from their bootleg alcohol trade.4 In addition to bootlegging, prostitution and gambling also arrived at new heights. Because of the colossal increase in criminal activity due to prohibition, Congress passed the 21st

Problem of Maoist Insurgency Free Essays

Maybe when this article is read,an innocent tribal or a compelled jawan is ‘unreportedly’ being killed on the fringes of national mainstream by a so-called ‘maoist’. â€Å"Naxalism:single biggest internal security threat† screamed The Economic Times on 14th April,2006. And the threat has just got bigger. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem of Maoist Insurgency or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram drew lots of flak for ‘Operation Green Hunt’. Recently,our President Pratibha Patilhas urged the naxalites to shun violence and resort to talks. But one Question that comes to mind is â€Å"what prompted the Maoist uprising? (even Derek O’Brien was confronted wid the question when he visited the IIM-C recently). The basis of the answer may lie with the ‘Green Revolution’. It brought fruits to farmers,but only in some pockets of India. The rest of India has witnessed some violent uprisings against the state. But the naxalite problem has deeper roots. Poverty,land alienation,lack of access to basic forest resources,largescale unemployment and exclusion from national mainstream are the common grievances among the rural population in east and central India.Despite being the most mineral-rich states in India,Chhatisgarh,Jharkhand,Orissa and West Bengal count among the poorest. Area| India| Chhatisgarh| Jharkhand| Orissa| West Bengal| Per-Capita Income| `24,295| `16,740| `15,303| `16,149| `23,229| Table showing per-capita income of Chhatisgarh,Jharkhand,Orissa and West Bengal in comparision with India. It is these resources and the irrational attitude of Indian Federal System towards them that forms the core of dissent among people here.For instance,tribals in mineral-rich Bastar in Chhatisgarh do not get a fair share of the resources from miningin the forests that they inhabit. The ‘freight equalization policy’ of the government hampered these states from translating their natural resources’ advantage into industrial growth. ,and led to the Central Govt. Pocketing the lion’s share of royalties from mining. The complete failure of instruments like the ‘Panchayat(Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act,1996 and the Forest(Conservation) Act,1980 in these areas have only aggravated the problem. So,for the adivasis,Sarkar is exploiter in the form of forest officials who deny them entry into the forest,the police who demanded bribes and state-sponsored contractors who paid less than the minimum wage. The exploitation by the landlords and mahajans ,and lack of basic amenities of human existence only flare up the problem. Ajit Buxla,maoist leader,correctly points out, â€Å"When you see death taking tolls on your near and dear ones and you know their life could have been saved had they been given proper and timely medication,you are forced to believe that the existence of state has nothing to do with tha life of poor amp; maginalized. ENTER THE MAOISTS. treading on the Marxism-Leninism theoretical lineage of ‘annihilation of class enemies’,the naxalites strategically take Maoism lineage against the state. â€Å"The Communist Party of India-Maoist(CPI-Maoist)†,formed on September 21,2004,was quick to notice that the causes of dissent was different in differe nt states,and cashing in on the emotions of the local people,they staged violent uprisings. Over 600 lives have been lost in the militia’s process of forming ‘the Red Corridor’ or ‘Compact Revolutionary Zone(CZR)’. Though the naxalites have been more or less ousted from Andhra Pradesh,the three-fold-layer strategy of the maoist insurgency has led to the rebels gaining control of more ares. The sources of funding of the naxalites are extortion of ransoms,cultivating opium in Malkangiri district,charging the traders and buisnessmen who pass through the ‘Red Corridor’,and producing and smuggling enormous quantity of marijuana. But slowly,this movement ‘for the people’ has turned ‘against the people’.The tribals are being victims of human rights’ violations,such as,murder of all kinds,tortures,outrages upon personal dignity,extortions,etc. moreover,the rebels have interfered,challenged and destroyed the age-old social taboos of the tribals which is leading to growing resentment among the locals against them. As it is clear,no one-size-fits-all solution can be applied for this intuiging problem. The very root of the problem has to be axed through,amp; th at too in a sensible manner. Mere military engagement of the maoist insurgents wont solve the problem. It will only joepardise the locals even more. Creation of civilian militas like ‘Salwa Judum’ should be shunned as they expose civilians to unnecessary danger,and only translate into abdication of security responsibility by the state. The State should provide security guarantees against retribution by cadres of the naxalites and should use the knowhow of such cadres in informative strategies against the rebels.The civil society representatives such as eminent personalities,political leaders,NGO’s should step-in as mediators between the state and the maoists. But most importantly,the grievances that increase the appeal of the maoists should be mitigated. There should be direct effort for development in these areas. The locals should be given employment and conditional cash transfers that counter the widespread deprivation in the region,thus,reducing the ‘recruitment-pool’ of the maoists.Investments shoul be made in social-overheads which would allow the locals easy access to the urban marketswhere they can sell their dairy products and forest-related products like cashew,chironji,lac,etc which have high market-value. The tribals should be empowered through education and a self-sustaining economic scheme,funded largely by mining revenues of the state,can be implemented to provide skills,literacy,healthcare,and above all,dignity and social justice to the people. As D. Bandopadhyay. retired-IAS officer experienced in dealing with naxalites in West Bengal in the 70’s,puts it, â€Å"Naxalism has emerged as a result of deficit in planning;constant alienation has made people take up arms,and its time one understands the problem as not just a law amp; order problem,but one thatâ⠂¬â„¢s foundations are socio-economic. † India cannot afford a â€Å"lost generation† in the insurgency-affected areas even as it takes rapid steps towards becoming a global economic power. Ending the maoist insurgency needs to be a national priority.Else till then the voice of Koteshwar Rao(nom de guerre Kishanji) would continue to ring alarm bells inside startled ministers amp; common folk. The authorities would not be making the rules†¦ he would.References:- (1) â€Å"35-yr old tribal killed by Maoists†, The Deccan Chronicle, 19th January 2008. (2) â€Å"Maoists slay three tribals in Chhatisgarh†, Thaindian News, 21st March,2008. Sources:- (1) â€Å"India Research Group. † (2) â€Å"Down To Earth. † (3) â€Å"Institute of South Asian Studies,Roundtable Session(ISAS)†,14th March,2007. (4) â€Å"International Relations and Security Network(ISN)†,ETH Zurich. How to cite Problem of Maoist Insurgency, Papers

Bad Effects Of Smoking

Question: What are the Bad Effects Of Smoking? Explain. Answer: Smoking is tremendously harmful for the health. There is actually no way to smoke safely. A cigarette contains near about 600 ingredients and when they burnt they actually generate a huge quantum of chemicals. Maximum of the ingredients are poisonous for human and animal health. It has several bad effects on human body as mentioned under: Effect on central nervous system: Mood swing drugs are present in the tobacco which affects the central nervous system in the human body. The substance called nicotine is behind all of this (H. E Jones, al. 1999) Effect on respiratory system: At the time of inhaling smoke, a human being consumes poisonous chemicals which directly affects the lungs and damage it. Smoke can increase the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in long run it can turns into the lungs cancer. Cardio logical effect: Smoking damages a humans whole cardiovascular organism. When nicotine strikes in the human body, it boosts up the human blood sugar level. In a little while, youre left feeling tired and craving more (Egass, 1997). Effect on digestive system: The person who smokes has a great risk to develop oral problems and tooth problems which also create problem in digestive system. It can cause mouth cancer also. Effect on skin and hair: Smoking causes damage to human skin and hair. Tobacco substances change the original structure of skin. It discoloured the skin and creates yellowish mark on the finger. Effect on sexuality and the system of reproduction: problem in actual blood flow create problem in erection. It highly disturbs the process of orgasm. Smoking is a great cause of infertility also. References: Jones, H. E., Garrett, B. E., Griffiths, R. R. (1999). Subjective and physiological effects of intravenous nicotine and cocaine in cigarette smoking cocaine abusers.Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,288(1), 188-197. Kubzansky, L. D., Kawachi, I., Spiro, A., Weiss, S. T., Vokonas, P. S., Sparrow, D. (1997). Is worrying bad for your heart? A prospective study of worry and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study.Circulation,95(4), 818-824.

49 Unforgettable F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes

49 Unforgettable F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes F. Scott Fitzgerald is an American writer known for works like The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night, along with other novels and short stories. Read 49 quotes from the life and works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Quotes About Women A letter to his daughter, November 18, 1938 A great social success is a pretty girl who plays her cards as carefully as if she were plain. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Debut: the first time a young girl is seen drunk in public. Tender Is the Night It took him a moment to respond to the unguarded sweetness of her smile, her body calculated to a millimeter to suggest a bud yet guarantee a flower. Quotes About Men The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Men get to be a mixture of the charming mannerisms of the women they have known. The Great Gatsby No amount of fire or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart. This Side of Paradise The idea that to make a man work youve got to hold gold in front of his eyes is a growth, not an axiom. Weve done that for so long that weve forgotten theres any other way. Life and Love The Offshore Pirate, Flappers and Philosophers All life is just a progression toward, and then a recession from, one phrase - I love you. Tender is the Night Either you think - or else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize, and sterilize you. The Great Gatsby Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald The kiss originated when the first male reptile licked the first female reptile, implying in a subtle, complimentary way that she was as succulent as the small reptile he had for dinner the night before. The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, Tales of the Jazz Age At any rate, let us love for a while, for a year or so, you and me. Thats a form of divine drunkenness that we can all try. This Side of Paradise There used to be two kinds of kisses. First, when girls were kissed and deserted; second, when they were engaged. Now theres a third kind, where the man is kissed and deserted. If Mr. Jones of the nineties bragged hed kissed a girl, everyone knew he was through with her. If Mr. Jones of 1919 brags the same, everyone knows its because he cant kiss her anymore. On Writing A letter to his daughter All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath. The Crack-Up Boredom is not an end-product, is comparatively rather an early stage in life and art. Youve got to go by or past or through boredom, as through a filter, before the clear product emerges. A letter to his daughter, April 27, 1940 Often I think writing is a sheer paring away of oneself leaving always something thinner, barer, more meager. A letter to his daughter, August 3, 1940 Poetry is either something that lives like fire inside you - like music to the musician or Marxism to the Communist - or else it is nothing, an empty formalized bore around which pedants can endlessly drone their notes and explanations. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Show me a hero and I will write you a tragedy. When the first-rate author wants an exquisite heroine or a lovely morning, he finds that all the superlatives have been worn shoddy by his inferiors. It should be a rule that bad writers must start with plain heroines and ordinary mornings, and, if they are able, work up to something better. One Hundred False Starts Mostly, we authors must repeat ourselves - thats the truth. We have two or three great moving experiences in our lives - experiences so great and moving that it doesnt seem at the time that anyone else has been so caught up and pounded and dazzled and astonished and beaten and broken and rescued and illuminated and rewarded and humbled in just that way ever before. The Last Tycoon Writers arent people exactly. Or, if theyre any good, theyre a whole lot of people trying so hard to be one person. Its like actors, who try so pathetically not to look in mirrors. Who lean backward trying - only to see their faces in the reflecting chandeliers. Youth and Aging The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, Tales of the Jazz Age Everybodys youth is a dream, a form of chemical madness. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Genius goes around the world in its youth incessantly apologizing for having large feet. What wonder that later in life it should be inclined to raise those feet too swiftly to fools and bores. It is in the 30s that we want friends. In the 40s, we know they wont save us any more than love did. Cavalcade of America Radio Show The man who arrives young believes that he exercises his will because his star is shining. The man who only asserts himself at 30 has a balanced idea of what willpower and fate have each contributed. The one who gets there at 40 is liable to put the emphasis on will alone. The compensation of very early success is a conviction that life is a romantic matter. In the best sense, one stays young. A letter to his cousin Cici After all, life hasnt much to offer except youth, and I suppose for older people, the love of youth in others. Bernice Bobs Her Hair At 18 our convictions are hills from which we look; at 45 they are caves in which we hide. O Russet Witch! The years between 35 and 65 revolve before the passive mind as one unexplained, confusing merry-go-round. True, they are a merry-go-round of ill-gaited and wind-broken horses, painted first in pastel colors, then in dull grays and browns, but perplexing and intolerably dizzy the thing is, as never were the merry-go-rounds of childhood or adolescence; as never, surely, were the certain-coursed, dynamic roller-coasters of youth. For most men and women these 30 years are taken up with a gradual withdrawal from life. Places The Swimmers France was a land, England was a people, but America, having about it still that quality of the idea, was harder to utter - it was the graves at Shiloh and the tired, drawn, nervous faces of its great men, and the country boys dying in the Argonne for a phrase that was empty before their bodies withered. It was a willingness of the heart. Letter, July 29, 1940 Isnt Hollywood a dump - in the human sense of the word. A hideous town pointed up by the insulting gardens of its rich, full of the human spirit at a new low of debasement. Great One-Liners The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald No grand idea was ever born in a conference, but a lot of foolish ideas have died there. Optimism is the content of small men in high places. An idea ran back and forward in his head like a blind man knocking over the solid furniture. Forgotten is forgiven. You can stroke people with words. A letter to his daughter, September 19, 1938 Nothing is as obnoxious as other peoples luck Notes for The Last Tycoon Action is character. The Great Gatsby Personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures. Sometimes it is harder to deprive oneself of a pain than of a pleasure. The Crack-Up The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. The Beautiful and Damned The victor belongs to the spoils. Society and Culture A letter to his daughter, August 24, 1940 Advertising is a racket, like the movies and the brokerage business. You cannot be honest without admitting that its constructive contribution to humanity is exactly minus zero. This Side of Paradise People try so hard to believe in leaders now, pitifully hard. But we no sooner get a popular reformer or politician or soldier or writer or philosopher - a Roosevelt, a Tolstoi, a Wood, a Shaw, a Nietzsche, than the cross-currents of criticism wash him away. My Lord, no man can stand prominence these days. Its the surest path to obscurity. People get sick of hearing the same name over and over. The Rich Boy Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are because we had to discover the compensations and refuges of life for ourselves. Even when they enter deep into our world or sink below us, they still think that they are better than we are. They are different. Letter to Ernest Hemingway, August 1936 Riches have never fascinated me, unless combined with the greatest charm or distinction. Babylon Revisited Family quarrels are bitter things. They dont go according to any rules. Theyre not like aches or wounds; theyre more like splits in the skin that wont heal because theres not enough material. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald The easiest way to get a reputation is to go outside the fold, shout around for a few years as a violent atheist or a dangerous radical, and then crawl back to the shelter. The Past Show Mr. and Mrs. F. to Number - It is sadder to find the past again and find it inadequate to the present than it is to have it elude you and remain forever a harmonious conception of memory. The Great Gatsby So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. Sources: Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Selected Letters by F. Scott Fitzgerald. A.B. Rudnev, 2018. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, October 1, 1978. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Flappers and Philosophers. Vintage Classics, Vintage, September 8, 2009. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tales of the Jazz Age. Vintage Classics, Vintage, August 10, 2010. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. F. Scott Fitzgerald on One Hundred False Starts. The Saturday Evening Post, March 4, 1933. Various Authors. Cavalcade of America. CBS, 1937. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Swimmers. The Saturday Evening Post, October 19, 1929. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Babylon Revisited. The Saturday Evening Post, February 21, 1931. Fitzgerald, F. Scott and Zelda. Show Mr. and Mrs. F. to Number - . Esquire, May 1, 1934.

hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay Example

hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay Example hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay hypokalemic periodic paralysis Essay Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare, autosomal dominant channelopathy characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis with a matching fall in potassium levels in the blood (primarily due to defect in a voltage-gated calcium channel). In individuals with this mutation, attacks often begin in adolescence and are triggered by strenuous exercise followed by rest, high carbohydrate meals, meals with high sodium content, sudden changes in temperature, and even excitement, noise or flashing lights. Weakness may be mild and limited to certain muscle groups, or more evere full body paralysis. Attacks may last for a few hours or persist for several days. Recovery is usually sudden when it occurs, due to release of potassium from swollen muscles as they recover. Some patients may fall into an abortive attack or develop chronic muscle weakness later in life. Some people only develop symptoms of periodic paralysis due to hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). This entity is distinguished with thyroid function tests, and the diagnosis is instead called thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. [l] Patients often report years wasted with wrong iagnosis, wrong treatments, deadends and multiple doctors, test and clinics. The CMAP (Compound Muscle Amplitude Potential) test, also called the exercise EMG or X- EMG, is diagnostic in 70-80% of cases when done correctly. Besides the patient history or a report of serum potassium low normal or low during an attack, the CMAP is the current standard for medical testing. Genetic diagnosis is often unreliable as only a few of the more common gene locations are tested, but even with more extensive testing 20-37% of people with a clinical diagnosis of hypokalemic periodic aralysis have no known mutation in the two known genes. 2] Standard EMG testing cannot diagnose a patient unless they are in a full blown attack at the time of testing. Provoking an attack with exercise and diet then trying oral potassium can be diagnostic, but also dangerous as this form of PP has an alternate form known as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. The symptoms are almost the same, but the treatment is different. The old glucose insulin challenge is dangerous and risky to the point of b eing life threatening and should never be done when other options are so eadily available[citation needed]. People with hypokalemic periodic paralysis are aften misdiagnosed as having a conversion disorder or hysterical paralysis since the weakenss is muscle based and doesnt correspond to nerve or spinal root distributions. The tendency of people with hypokalemic periodic paralysis to get paralyzed when epinephrine is released in fight or flight situations further adds to the temptation to dismiss the disorder as psychiatric. [3] hypokalemic periodic paralysis By Jian-Portacion

Training and Coaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Training and Coaching - Essay Example In addition, employees also clarify the organizational attitude, beliefs or behavior. Through a series of repetitive practice employees improve their output by adopting the skills learnt and also improve these skills.Coaching forms part of the training development that occurs when a coach supports a learner to achieve a professional or personal goal. In most cases, coaching is a confidential learning process designed to improve the learners’ performance, output, or personal growth. Unlike normal employee training, coaching is more effective since the coach is able to evaluate an individual’s progress. In this regard, the coach not only identifies the learner’s strengths and weaknesses, but he also provides a forum for feedback, by clarifying areas where the learner performs well and areas in which the learner must improve on.  In several instances, coaching results to the learners’ personal change in that a learner acquires clear understanding on the imp ortance of positive output towards the achievement of organizational goals. Coaching facilitates development of skills and performance aimed at specified tasks and overall job responsibility. Coaching also advocates for professional and personal development aimed at future responsibilities and professional roles.Identification of training and coaching needsIn an organization, training is often essential when employees are not meeting the organization’s standard or failing to meet the expected performance level. The difference between actual.

The Concept and Process of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept and Process of Marketing - Essay Example Producers fully understand the value of their products but the consumer has no idea about that product’s value. Due to this producers have to come up with strategies of creating awareness to customers about the existence to the product, as well as going a step further of making its value known to the customers (Khonat, 2012, p.22). Moreover, marketing can also be understood from the organization perspective. Here it can be said to be a process of the management through which they are able to recognize, anticipate as well as satisfy customer needs in a profitable way. This definition has three main elements: first management has to be aware of customer needs, then come up with ways of satisfying them and finally they need to foresee customer needs. Upon the production of a particular product, the producers need to have a comprehensive understanding of their customers in order to have a long-term relationship with them (Houston, 2006, p.81). However, producers cannot overlook th eir objectives in business thus the whole process of marketing has to reap maximum profits to the producer. Customers are very important in business since it is through them that business objectives are accomplished. According to Khonat (2012, p.22), the main aim of business is profit making and this can only be achieved through two processes buying and selling. Customers participate in the process of buying, however they have to gain value for their money; this is called customer satisfaction (CS). CS is very important in business as it is able to retain customers as well as attract more customers. When customers are satisfied with the products they buy, a good exchange relationship is created between the two parties. Houston (2006, p.82) explains that marketing evolved in the early 1990s when business scholars realized the importance of understanding the relationship between sellers and potential buyers. Before its evolution, marketing was considered to be enclosed in the greater spheres of economics concepts. As buyers sought to come up with ways of establishing a stronger buyer/seller relationship, marketing emerged. In the early stages of marketing, organizations were less concerned about customer satisfaction but rather concentrated all their efforts into the philosophy of â€Å"selling-as-much-as-we-can.† With deeper studies into the marketing field, producers came to realize the importance of customer satisfaction in attracting and retention of customers (Brody, 2001, p.20). Today marketing is among the most pursued fields in the world of business. The main objective of marketing is creating a good relationship between the buyer and the seller (Khonat, 2012, p.22). Hence buyers should get satisfied with what they buy, at the same time sellers should earn a profit from what they sell. Marketing is important to both the seller and the customer when done effectively. It makes the sellers’ products known to the market and through this the sel ler is able to increase sales. On the other hand, buyers are able to know the existence of new products in the market, increasing their buying variety. Unfortunately, the persuasive nature of marketing has lead to the making of wrong choices by buyers (McDonald & Roberts, 2003, p.18). As such marketers should not exaggerate their product value rather they should convince customers using the exact value properties of the product. Let us consider the Coca cola Company in its internal and external environment.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

No topic - Essay Example Human beings have to attain higher spiritual conception in order to achieve the love of God (Easwaran 15). The Yoga of the despondency of Arjuna (The first discourse) The bloody war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas took place at Kurukshetra. This was a result of the failure of the peace and unity mission by Lord Krishna when he visited Pandavas. They had no choice but to participate in the bloody war in order for them to attain what they perceived as their rightful share of the kingdom. Before the two sides could engage in war, Arjuna questioned the reasons and circumstances of the deadly carnage that was about to happen as he knew that it was not good for the people to fight and in turn kill innocent people for the sake of their pleasures and kingdom (Miller 31). In addition, he wondered if it was right for him to leave or surrender everything in favor of his enemies and retire in peace. Miller (33) state that, as Arjuna was faced with these confusing thoughts, feeling of despo ndency overtook Arjuna. Arjuna had no desire to participate in the war in that he had to turn to Lord Krishna for enlightenment and guidance. It is therefore rational to note that Arjuna realized that ignorance of the law is not an excuse to warrant a sinful act that would lead to destruction of property and loss of life. People should know that a sinful conduct is a serious crime unworthy of knowledgeable and reasonable people. In the Yoga of the despondency of Arjuna recorded in the Upanishads, shows Arjuna casting way his arrow and bow, and sat down on the chariot with his mind engulfed in sorrow. It is rational to argue that Arjuna did not want the two armies to fight because he knew it would be against the will of the Lord who likes to see people live in peace and unity (Easwaran 12). Sankhiya Yoga (The second discourse) Arnold (55) argues that, unlike in the first discourse where Arjuna is seeking guidance and enlightenment from the Lord Krishna, the second discourse began wit h Sanjaya explaining the state or conditions of Arjuna, who was disturbed because of fear and attachment. Lord Krishna rebukes Arjuna for his unwilling to participate in the war because of his attachment or ‘Moha’ and tells him to fight. Arjuna did not succeed in convincing Lord Krishna through his wise thoughts that war was disastrous to the society. According to Arnold, this is wise counsel that the Lord Krishna gives to Arjuna. In turn, Arjuna recognizes his helplessness and devotes fully to the service of the Lord, looking for his direction, wisdom, and guidance to overcome the conflict of his mind. The Lord pitied with Arjuna, went ahead to guide, and enlightened him on what he should do. He tells Arjuna about the immortality of the Atman, for which there is past, present, and future. This meant that the Atman is not mortal; therefore, Arjuna should not be overwhelmed by grieve and fear. This is because the Atman is beyond the earth, fire, water, ether and air sinc e it cannot be cut, dried or burnt, and is eternal. In the first discourse, the Lord Krishna rebukes Arjuna and is unwilling to enlighten him (Easwaran 15). Contrary to the second discourse where the Lord explains to Arjuna that everyone in the world experiences things like pain and pleasure, cold and heat because of the conduct of objects with human senses. A person who is in a position to balance between the pain and pleasure will be able to attain immortality. The Lord advises

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Positivism

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Positivism Critical Essay on Positivism with Special Reference to the  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region[S1] Introduction The[S2] word ‘positive’, as used in jurisprudence, is derived from the Latin word positum, meaning â€Å"having been laid down†. Its foundation consists in the pedigree thesis, separability thesis and the discretion thesis[S3]. The positive law school has its main pillars, such as Jeremy Bentham, John Austin, H.L.A Hart, Hans Kelson. This essay will study their views with reference to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR[S4]). 1. The Pedigree Thesis Every society has some form of social order, some way of marking and encouraging approved behaviour, deterring disapproved behaviour, and resolving disputes. The pedigree thesis asserts that legal validity is a function of certain social facts[S5]. 1.1 Bentham and Austin: According to Bentham and Austin[1][S6], law is a phenomenon of societies with a sovereign;: a determinate person or group who have supreme and absolute de facto power. The laws in that society are a subset of the sovereigns commands: general orders that apply to classes of actions and people and that are backed up by threat of force or â€Å"sanction[S7].†. This imperatival theory is positivist, for it identifies the existence of legal systems with patterns of command and obedience that can be ascertained without considering whether the sovereign has a moral right to rule or whether his commands are meritorious. Imperatival theory has two other distinctive features, monism and reductivism. The mMonism: the theory represents all laws as having a single form, imposing obligations on their subjects, though not on the sovereign himself. The Reductivism: the theory on the other hand maintains that the normative language used in describing and stating the law talk of authority, rights, obligations, and so on can all be analyszed[S8] without remainder in non-normative terms, ultimately as concatenations of statements about power and obedience[S9]. Imperatival theory does not accord with the complexities of the present time:. fFor example, in Hong Kong (HK), according to the Basic Law Article 1,[2][S10], HKSAR is an inalienable part of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). Under the system of ‘One Country, Two System’, sovereignty of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) belongs to PRC. PRC delegates power (executive, legislative and final adjudication power) to HK through Basic Law (‘commands’). The Basic Law has the feature of being reductivist, as it is concatenations[S11] of statements about power and obedience. Basic Law Article 22 states that Basic Law is not only binding on HK, but also binding on PRC’s institutions (sovereign),[3], therefore it does not haves the feature of monistic[S12]. In addition, the law is not backed up by threat of force or â€Å"sanction† from PRC. HK citizens agree with the Basic Law because they realise[S13] that the law provides various advanta ges to them all, other than by fear. 1.2 Hans Kelsen: Hans Kelsen, as a positivist, presents a normative approach and is concerned with what the law was and not what it ought to be, and sought a science of law free from metaphysical elements (hence a pure theory). In addition, Kelsen retains the imperativalists monism but abandons their reductivism[S14]. On Kelsen’s view, law is characteriszed by a basic form and basic norm. The form of every law is that of a conditional order, directed at the courts, to apply sanctions if a certain behaviour (the â€Å"delict†) is performed. On this view, law is an indirect system of guidance;: it does not tell subjects what to do,; it tells officials what to do to its subjects under certain conditions. In HK, if Cap 210 Theft Ordinance s24 creates an offence of handling stolen goods which has penalties attached to it and the defendant handles stolen goods then the judge ought to apply the appropriate penalty[S15]. For Kelsen, as opposed to Austin, this is not just a case of the official being under a duty, but also having power or discretion in such situation. What we ordinarily regard as the legal duty not to handling stolen goods is for Kelsen merely a logical correlate of the primary norm which stipulates a sanction for handling stolen[S16] goods [4]. For the imperativalists, the unity of a legal system consists in the fact that all its laws are commanded by one sovereign. According to Kelsen[S17], it consists in the fact that they are all links in one chain of authority. For example, a by-law is legally valid because it is created by a corporation lawfully exercising the powers conferred on it by the legislature, which confers those powers in a manner provided by the constitution, which was[S18] itself created in a way provided by an earlier constitution. The very first constitution’s authority, says Kelsen, is â€Å"presupposed.†. Kelsen’s will view is that an HK Ordinance is legally valid because the Basic Law confers members of the Legislative Council[5] and the HK Government[6] the power to propose new legislation,, in the form of bills, which are considered by the Legislative Council for enactment.[7]. The Basic Law confers those powers in a manner provided by the Chinese Constitution Article 31,[8], whi ch was itself created in a way provided by an earlier constitution, Organic Law.[9][S19]. However[S20], it is not easy to identify the basic norm in HK society as Kelsen’s idea of the nature of the basic norm is unclear. Since basic norm does not have a specific content, and since it is primarily presupposed, its role in the validation of the other norms in the hierarchy can be fraught with obscurities. 1.3 H.L.A. Hart If law cannot ultimately be grounded in force, or in law[S21], or in a presupposed norm;, on what does its authority rest? H.L.A. Hart comes up with an answer for the above question,question[S22]; he resembles Kelsens emphasis on the normative foundations of legal systems, but rejects Kelsens view of authority in favour of an empirical one[10]. For Hart, the authority of law is social. The ultimate criterion of validity in a legal system is a social rule that exists only because it is actually practiced. Hart makes use of two types of rule – primary and secondary[S23]. Primary rules are those of obligation, which state what must or must not be done;. tThese are duty-imposing rules. Secondary rules are those of recognition, change and adjudication;. tThey are power-conferring rules designed to supplement the primary rules. The secondary rules affect the operation of the primary rules. People obey the primary rules under the legal system and the administrators of the system woul d also have to accept the rules of change, adjudication and recognition. It is an important feature of Harts account that the rule of recognition is an official custom, and not a standard necessarily shared by the broader community. If the imperativalists picture of the political system was pyramidal power, Harts is more like Webers[S24] rational bureaucracy. In HK, by looking at the legislation, we can identify many ordinances as primary rules. Examples are to be found from Cap 200 Crimes Ordinance and Cap 210 Theft Ordinance, etc. Hart[S25] tells us that these primary rules are needed concerning the free use of violence, theft and deception to which citizens are tempted but which they must, in general, repress if they are to coexist in close proximity to each other. The rule of recognition, classified as a secondary rule, is the ultimate rule which determines the existence and validity of other rules in a legal system[S26]. The rule of recognition resolves the problem of uncertainty as to the legality and validity of rules. HK’s rule of recognition can be found in the General Principles Chapter One of the Basic Law. For example, in the chapter, Article 2 of the Basic Law mentions that the National Peoples Congress (NPC) authoriszes the HKSAR to enjoy legislative power. Article 2 states that HKSAR shall safeguard the rights and freedoms of HK people. Article 8 states The laws previously in force in HK shall be maintained[S27]. Article 11 states that legislative and judicial systems, and the relevant policies, shall be based on the provisions of the Basic Law. No law enacted by the legislature of the HKSAR shall contravene the Law. Another type of secondary rules, the rules of change, enables changes to be made in the legal obligations which people may have under the duty-imposing primary rules of a legal system. There are two types of the rules of change: Private rules of change: these rules enable changes to be made in the legal relationships between private persons, for example, the rules of contract law and Cap 26 Sale of Goods Ordinance. Such rules confer power rather than imposing duties on HK residents in their private capacity. Public rules of change: these rules give public legislative officials the power to change the primary and other rules of a legal system. In HK, the main part of this rule lies at Article 73 of the Basic Law where it states that the Legislative Council has the power to amend laws in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law and legal procedures[S28]. The last type of secondary rules, the rules of adjudication confer power on judicial officials to carry out the process of adjudication where a law has been breached or a dispute has risen. In HK, the rules of adjudication can be found in Article 2 of the Basic Law which states that the NPC authoriszes the HKSAR to enjoy independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. In addition, Article 84 of the Basic Law confers the courts to adjudicate cases[S29]. 2. The Separability Thesis Positivists insist on the importance of the separation of law from morality. This thesis comprising the foundation of legal positivism is the separability thesis. This abstract formulation can be interpreted in a number of ways:. tThe most common view is that the separability thesis is interpreted as making only an object-level claim about the existence conditions for legal validity[S30]. As H.L.A[S31]. Hart describes it, the separability thesis is no more than the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so.[11]. According to Kelsen’s Pure theory of Law[S32], all elements impure or extraneous to law had to be split off, to leave a remnant of material which is essentially legal. Accordingly, all natural law, moral, religious, social, and other accretions that are not strictly law had to be eliminated. More recently, Klaus Faber[12][S33] interprets it as making a meta-level claim that the definition of law must be entirely free of moral notions. This interpretation implies that any reference to moral considerations in defining the related notions of law, legal validity, and legal system is inconsistent with the separability thesis. Based on these views, we can come to a conclusion that the object-level interpretation of the separability thesis denies that there are moral constraints on legal validity;, it implies the existence of a possible legal system in which there are no moral constraints on legal validity. In HK, it is beyond doubt that moral considerations bear on legal validity:. Ffor example, in the discussion of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Bill 2006 at the Bills Committee and the judicial review on the age of sexual consent for homosexuals, moral played an important role on legal validity. 3. The Discretion Thesis Discretion thesis is the view that judges make new law in deciding cases not falling clearly under a legal rule. A judge cannot decide a case that does not fall clearly under a valid rule by interpreting or applying the law; he/she must decide the case by creating or promulgating a law that did not exist prior to the adjudication.[13][S34] The discretion thesis does not belong to positivisms theoretical core, but many positivists regard the discretion thesis as a contingent claim that is true of some, but not all, possible legal systems. For example, Hart[S35] believes that there will inevitably arise cases that do not fall clearly under a rule, but concedes a rule of recognition could deny judges discretion to make law in such cases by requiring judges to disclaim jurisdiction or to refer the points not regulated by the existing law to the legislature to decide[14]. In HK, an example can be found in the case of HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu Others[15] (decided on 15 December 1999) (Ng Kung Siu). In this case, the Court of Final Appeal (CFA) has to decide whether s7 of the National Flag Ordinance and s7 of the Regional Flag Ordinance which criminalise the desecration of the national flag and the regional flag are inconsistent with the guarantee of the freedom of expression (Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Article 39 of the Basic Law). The court finally decided that Freedom of expression’ is not absolute and subject to certain restrictions: (a) respect of the rights or reputation of others; (b) the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. Further, it created or promulgated a law by stating that it is common ground that the burden [of proof] rests on the Government to justify any restriction[S36]. 4. Conclusion From the above discussion, we can see that Positivism’s Imperatival theory cannot explain why HK citizens agree with the Basic Law. In addition, it is not possible to identify the basic norm in HK society as Kelsen’s idea of the nature of the basic norm is unclear. Also, in HK, moral did play an important role on legal validity. Positivism theory can hardly fully explain the current HK legal system. Kelsen, Hans (1945). General Theory of Law and State, trans. A. Wedberg, repr. 1961. New York: Russell and Russell, p.61 Footnotes [1] Austin, John, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) p166. [2] Article 1 of the Basic Law: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an inalienable part of the Peoples Republic of China. [3] Article 22 of the Basic Law states: No department of the Central People’s Government and no province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Govt. may interfere in the affairs which the HK SAR administers on its own in accordance with the Law. [4] Kelsen, Hans (1945). General Theory of Law and State, trans. A. Wedberg, repr. 1961. New York: Russell and Russell, p.61. [5] Article 74 of the Basic Law. [6] Article 62 of the Basic Law. [7] Article 73 of the Basic Law. [8] Chinese Constitution (CC) Article 31: CC will not apply to HK directly, except CC Art 31 from which HK Basic Law was derived. â€Å"the state may establish special admin regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special admin regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the NPC in light of specific conditions. (therefore BL apply to HK, without any other explicit endorsement from NPC). Art 31 for HK, Macao and Taiwan. [9] Organic Law of the National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China was adopted by the Fifth Session of the Fifth National Peoples Congress on Dec 4, 1982 as Chinas Constitution. [10] Legal Positivism, First published Fri 3 Jan, 2003, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [11] Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 181-82. [12] Faber, Klaus, Farewell to Legal Positivism: The Separation Thesis Unraveling, in George, Robert P., The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 119-162. [13] Dworkin, Ronald M., Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), p.17. Ronald Dworkin describes this thesis as follows: â€Å"The set of these valid legal rules is exhaustive of the law, so that if someones case is not clearly covered by such a rule . . . then that case cannot be decided by applying the law. It must be decided by some official, like a judge, exercising his discretion, which means reaching beyond the law for some other sort of standard to guide him in manufacturing a fresh legal rule or supplementing an old one. [14] Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 272. [15] Ng Kung-siu Anor v HKSAR [1999] 1 HKLRD 783, 2 HKC 10 (Court of Appeal) and HKSAR v Ng Kung-siu Anor [1999] 3 HKLRD 907, [2000] 1 HKC 117 (Court of Final Appeal). [S1]You must have a title, it acts as a focus for the first page. [S2]Indented paragraphs look better. [S3]You must cite your source for everything you say like this. The marker must have the option of checking facts. [S4]A longer introduction required, elaborate more on what positivism is and what you intend to argue for. [S5]OK, true enough, but you must cite your source. [S6]Good use of footnotes, excellent. See end for my notes on what to put in a footnote though. [S7]good [S8]Don’t use American spellings [S9]Good, but you need to cite a source. [S10]The footnote should always come after the punctuation. [S11]Consider re-writing, good to use words like this, but used in slightly the wrong context, perhaps sentence structure needs work. [S12]Again wrong word, probably monasticism. [S13]Good to use the English spelling here when you did not earlier. [S14]Cite your source. [S15]Are you intending to imply that this does not happen on occasion? [S16]Good. [S17]You must cite the reference. [S18]Looks untidy having two whiches like this in the same sentence. [S19]This paragraph contains good information, but the English needs cleaning up a little, it does not read well. [S20]Should not start a paragraph with however. [S21]â€Å"or in law† doesn’t make a lot of sense. [S22]Cite your source. [S23]Source. [S24]Cite weber [S25]Where? cite a reference. [S26]Good. [S27]If you are quoting, use quotation marks â€Å" â€Å", not ‘ ‘. [S28]Good [S29]Again, good. [S30]Good. [S31]No need to use his initials, Hart will suffice. [S32]Cite your source. [S33]Good, you cite your source here but not elsewhere!!! [S34]Good. [S35]Reference. [S36]Good.

Nurses in Works Progress Administration Memories :: Nursing Careers Professions Medical Essays

Nurses in Works Progress Administration Memories Evidence from American Life Histories: The Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940 American nursing transformed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century from a family and community duty performed largely by untrained women in family homes, to paid labor performed by both trained and untrained women and men in a variety of settings. Distinctions between types of nurses increased in this transition. Life histories of nurses taken by Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.) writers in the late 1930s provide valuable insight into the experience of some of these nurses. Enthusiast historians within the leadership of professional organizations have commonly focused on the accomplishments of notable nurses and professional organizations in what became a narrative of professional and societal progress. This narrative, whole providing much rich historical data and analysis, ignores the vast majority of nurses’ experience and voices. In the mid nineteen eighties, as nursing was increasingly embattled in a growing health care industry, historians, some from outside the nursing profession, began to examine this history. Barbara Melosh examined written and oral accounts of nurses in American from 1920 and through the Second World War in The Physician’s Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. She found that while the reform aim for nurse leaders in this period was professionalization, other nurses resisted or were distant from this process. For these nurses, the shared experience of the changing of the demands and rewards of nursing shaped their work and thinking. [1] Melosh attempts to place nursing within the context of women’s, labor and medical history. She proposes that the growing divisions within nursing itself arose from nurses’ position in the medical hierarchy, and the fight for both legitimate authority and control over the work process itself. She also posits that nurses developed an â€Å"occupational culture† that placed manual skill and direct patient contact over theoretical training at the same time that nursing elites were successfully winn ing a battle for degrees and credentialing over the apprenticeship model of the nineteenth century. [2] Lastly, she finds that while stratification of nursing as paid labor mirrored societal relations of gender, race and class, the experience of both apprenticeship and professionalization contributed to the separation of nursing from pre modern roots.[3] Susan Reverby in Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945, finds that the story of American nursing revolved around the women and an obligation to care†¦in a society that refuses to value caring.

Library System Essay

Library is a place where people focus their attention in reading and making research which can help everyone gains knowledge. It is organized and maintained for the use of public body, institution, corporation, or private individual. The school library provides opportunities for the individuals with the focus on the intellectual content and information literacy to the learner. It contains books and other reference materials made available to the users for reading, studying and getting references. The books and reference materials are arranged on shelves according to the classification system used for the convenience of the users. Placing similar materials in one location helps the users find multiple items on a given subject more efficiently than those some items scattered within the library. The generation of computer age can be very useful in bridging the demand for library services and ability to provide these services. Deciding the most effective program for establishing an automated circulation system is a task that confronts librarian today. There are major library problems experienced around the world. Aside from Philippines, India and other countries libraries suffer from lack of proper library facilities and facing the problem of poor services, and most importantly unorganized circulation system and process of retrieving data is not efficient. Local libraries also faced several problems these are lack of financial resources and high cost of computer accessories has reduced the trends in the adoption of automated library system in school libraries while such has limited access to a variety of information on stored data. The thesis writers observed that the process of inquiring books and retrieving the borrowed and returned book were done manually in Santa Monica Institute. In this, the borrower spent more time in every process of circulating books in Santa Monica Institute. Thus, the thesis writers were interested to design and to develop the Automated Library Circulation System of Santa Monica Institute – Mabini library to improve its operation in order to provide effective services. Literature Background The evolution of technology has undoubtedly increased the variety of resources available in libraries today. It is especially fueling increased user demands and expectations for information resources and their timely delivery. The impact of the changing technology helps in designing library automation. A. G. Nkhoma-Wamunza stated that â€Å"library automation is a process which involves linking computers electronically within and outside the institution, entering library resources in a database to create an Open Access Catalogue, which allows users to access and retrieve information in a timely manner. † It gained wide acceptance globally due to its many benefits potentials including improved performance efficiency and delivery of quality service in library. Library Circulation is one of those sections of the library that needs automation. It comprises the activities around the lending of  library  books and other materials to users of a  lending library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians. Librarian  is a person who works professionally in a  library, and is usually trained in librarianship and experts of finding, organizing and interpreting information needed. They are the guardians of materials inside the library. The reference desk of the library is a public in service counter where professional librarians provide direction to the materials, advice on the collections and services, and expertise on the multiple kinds of information from multiple sources to the library users. Library user is the borrower of the library materials which can be brought at home / classroom. It can be a student, teacher, patron and even outsider who are greatly benefited on the proposed system. School administration is an important part of our education system. Administrators face a variety of issues on a daily basis. Take a look at strategies and techniques used to combat those issues. The UP College of Science Library System located at Diliman, Quezon city is one of the existing library system that uses online library system. It has many capabilities it allows to view information about the library and its services. The system also provides information about new titles, library hours and has link that will allow user to contact the library through e-mail. UP College Science is similar to the proposed system because it allows searching of books and other library materials. The library system is implemented to provide user fast and quick access of information. Automated Library System referred as a cost effective and space saving alternative to common document shelving technologies, addressing the need for space efficiency, secure and automated document and records handling. ALS is a design and software solution focused on the reliability and maintainability. The solution, developed by team of experienced industry professionals is supported by comprehensive services including on-site maintenance, spare parts, modernization, upgrades and expansions. HK has been installing system utilizing this technology for the past forty years. ALS have been installed at institutions throughout North America. Automated Library System for Navotas City Library (2010). They have two computers in the library without automated library system. The Automated System for Navotas City Library is to facilitate the inventor, lending and returning of books in electronic, systematic and orderly manners. In addition, it aims to cope with the trends of technology today for the library and to the library and to have a system that will attract more users. to the library, therefore, appreciation on the library can contribute it to the information needed by the students, workers, and researchers especially to the people of Navotas City. Bodiongan (2000). The researcher found that the process of retrieving data and information are not efficient. So the borrower takes time in finding information because the materials are not properly returned to the right arrangement. The process of retrieving and keeping records of the borrowers is time consuming due to low quality of the borrower’s card. The library has a huge collection of books so the borrower takes time in sorting information from the card catalogue. The library assistant takes time in searching the borrower’s records because there are some instances that some of the borrower’s card are not properly returned. Curan (2011). In her study, the researcher observed that the process of inquiring books and retrieving the borrowed and returned book were done manually. In this, the borrower spent more time in every process of circulating books. The researcher conclude that the system has great help in minimizing the time consume in borrowing and retrieving data. The system provides accurate and secure keeping of data, and can generate report immediately. Code of ethics of Library Association adopted at the 1939 Midwinter Meeting by the ALA Council; amended June 30, 1981; June 28, 1995; and January 22, 2008 states that â€Å"we protect each library user’s right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted. † Privacy is essential to the exercise of free speech, free thought, and free association. Identifiable information about users is confidential and the library keeps that information private and confidential on their behalf. This policy is intended to prevent the unauthorized use of our patrons’ personal information, and to protect the privacy of this information. Librarians are responsible for keeping the information’s security needed for the reference of the user and provide better service to the borrowers. Section 10 Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates that: Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The state shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate and self- reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive system and national life. Technology plays great role for the improvement of an institution. The continuous growth of technology leads to many inventions for the improvement of the institution one of this is the Santa Monica Institute. Technology help provide system that would provide user better service in this institutions. Section 12, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates stated: The state shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology. Through the use of technology, it can help the institution to improve process with the use of the proposed system that involves private groups to indentify the features that needs improvement to provide better service. Section 13, Republic Act 8293 mandates stated: The state shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. This states that the researchers should protect the right to defend the study and portability of data. In this study, the researchers should protect and secure the proposed system with the use of password to avoid the alteration of information. THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem. The main purpose of the study is to design and developed Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System that would serve as a proposal to minimize time in searching books and generate reliable and accurate reports. Specifically, the study answers the following questions: 1. What are the features of the system that needs improvement? 2. To what extent of the performance of the proposed system in terms of 3. 1 Security; 3. 2 Human Interface; 3. 3 Requirements; and 3. 4 Performance/ Reliability. Significance of the study The study would be beneficial to the following: School Administration. This study could be used as basis in implementing library improvement and development. Librarian. It enables her to respond to the borrower’s request immediately. Borrowers. They are greatly benefitted because they can get immediate response on their requests. Future Researchers. This study enhances the capability in making the system. It gives essence on how computerization really helps on developing one’s institution and on how library system operates. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Design The researcher used the Descriptive Survey and Experimental method with the use of a self-made questionnaire and software evaluation tool. The descriptive survey or questionnaire was used to determine the problems encountered by the librarian and library users, and the features of the existing system that needs improvement. The experimental method or the evaluation tool was used to ascertain the acceptability level of automated system. Environment and Participants The study was conducted in Santa Monica Institute, Poblacion 1, Mabini, Bohol. The school administration, librarian, borrowers were the respondents. The librarian will be the user of the proposed system. Data Gathering Instruments. The researcher used two instruments, the self-made questionnaire and the evaluation tool. Self-made questionnaire is a guide used to interview the respondents to get information about the Library Circulation System. This was constructed based on the present transactions at Santa Monica Institute. The evaluation tool was employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. This tool was secured from the internet and related books. The tool was modified and respond to the needs of user and tasked to rate the items using a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire and evaluation tool are attached in appendix B and C. The researcher also used the context diagram, system flowchart, IPO (Input Process Output) and HIPO (Hierarchical Input – Process – Output) in designing the proposed software. These tools are necessary for the development of the system. Procedure The thesis writers interviewed the librarian to have an idea, information and other important details about the flow of operation in the library. Statistical Treatment To ascertain the level of acceptability of the system in library cataloging this formula was used: ?fx N ?fx N Weighted mean, X = where: f = frequency x = weight N = number of responses The Likert-type scale was used for scaling the acceptability level of the system software. Scale| Range| Categorical Response| Description| 5| 4. 20-5. 00| Strongly Acceptable| The system exceeds expectations and outstandingly performs the job requirements or 100% acceptable. | 4| 3. 40-4. 19| Moderately Acceptable| The system highly fulfills the job requirements or 80% acceptable. | 3| 2. 60-3. 39| Acceptable | The system meets the job requirements or 60% acceptable. | 2| 1. 80-2. 59| Slightly Acceptable| The system slightly meets the job requirements or 40% acceptable. | 1| 1. 00-1. 79| Not Acceptable| The system fails to meet the job requirements or 20% acceptable. | DEFINITION OF TERMS Automated library circulation system. It is a system that involves systematic storing of information which includes the book, borrowers and generating reports. Borrowers. Library users can be student or a teacher who can lend books which is brought at home/ classroom. Circulation system. It is the process of circulating of library materials which includes borrowing and returning of library materials. Context diagram. It is used by the thesis writers to scope the project as it provides a visual model of the interactions between the system and the outside entities that interface with the solutions . Data flow diagram. It shows the part of the system which includes the same process but being automated. It is involved in converting data to generate reports. HIPO. Hierarchical Input-Process-Output a high-level view of the functions performed by a system as its functions and software implementation. IPO. Input Process Output these are the components or elements that make-up the system. It is also described as tools on the design of the entire software. Library. A room or building where a collection of books, periodicals, etc. , are kept for reading or reference, or public or private institution in-charge of the care and circulation of such collection. Library materials. Use in this study in order to include books of various kinds, periodicals, newspapers, magazines, vertical files consisting of clippings, pamphlets and the audio-visual materials which include maps, globes, charts and pictures. Library system. It is a systematic way of placing books, journals, magazines and others that would provide the need of the users. System Flowchart. It is formalized graphic representation of a program logic sequence, work or manufacturing processes, organizing chart or similar formalized structsure. Chapter 2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA A. Present System System Narrative Students/teachers inquired the librarian on borrowing and returning of books. If the students wanted to borrow, they were required to have their library card and place in the folder. For the teachers they were only required to give their ID card and pass it to the librarian. After receiving, the librarian gave the book card to the students / teachers and filled-up the information needed in borrowing the book and gave it back to the librarian before the book was given to the borrower. Borrowed book was returned before the due date. Upon returning it, the librarian gave the identification card of the borrower. If the book returned late, penalty was imposed. If cases of lost book, the borrower was required to pay the exact amount of the book or replaced the book either. Generating report was done after the inventory. It is done twice a year, before the school year starts and school year ends. * Borrowed Book * Library Card * Borrower’s Information Librarian Folder Borrower * Reports Administration * Borrowed Book * Library Card * Borrower’s Information Librarian Folder Borrower * Reports Administration Figure 1. 0 Conceptual Diagram Event Specifications 1. Student/ Teacher make inquiry. Student/Teacher 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Book Information * Response * Inquiry Student/Teacher 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Book Information * Response * Inquiry Borrower Borrower 2. Student/ Teacher borrows book. 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book. * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 3. Borrower returns book. Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record 4. Librarian generates reports. Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information. * Reports Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Findings / Constraints The librarian took time in giving response to the inquiry of the student/teacher because records were not organized. To provide immediate response to the inquiry, data must be systematized. The student/teacher spent time in borrowing because the librarian got the problem in retrieving the records of available books, because some books were lost and not properly returned. To minimize the time consume in borrowing, all records must be automated for quick access. They had the same problem encountered in returning the books because the librarian found it hard in retrieving the students’ records. To provide fast process in returning, the records of the borrower must be computerized for quick access. The librarian has delayed in submitting reports. To generate early reports, the data must be systematized. Flowchart F T Main Menu Input User’s Name Input Password If Valid X F T Main Menu Input User’s Name Input Password If Valid X Begin Begin Log-in Log-in X X Display Message Display Message Main Menu Main Menu Display Main Screen Display Main Screen A A User Select Button. User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T Transaction Transaction If Transactions If Transactions F F T T If Records If Records Records Records F F T T If Reports If Reports Reports Reports F F T T If Utility If Utility Utility Utility F F T T If System User If System User System User System User F F T T If About If About About About F F A A Transactions Transactions Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen B B User Select Button User Select Button If Borrow If Borrow T T Borrow Borrow F F T T Return Return If Return If Return F F. B B Records Records Display Records Screen Display Records Screen Display Records Screen Display Records Screen C C User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T If Books If Books Books Books Books Books If Books If Books F F O O O O If Accession If Accession Accession Accession If Accession If Accession T T F F If Borrowers If Borrowers T T Borrowers Borrowers If Borrowers If Borrowers F F T T If Book Penalty If Book Penalty Book Penalty Book Penalty If Book Penalty If Book Penalty F F T T If Placement And Classification If Placement And Classification Placement and Classification. Placement and Classification If Placement and Classification If Placement and Classification F F If Borrowers Penalty If Borrowers Penalty T T Borrower penalty Borrower penalty If Borrower penalty If Borrower penalty F F T T If Master List If Master List Master List Master List Master List Master List F F C C Reports Reports Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen D D User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T If Book Information If Book Information Book Information Book Information F F If Borrowers Information If Borrowers Information T T Borrowers Information Borrowers Information F F If Top Borrowers If Top Borrowers Top Borrowers Top Borrowers T T F F T T If Due Books If Due Books Due Books Due Books F F If Lost Books If Lost Books T T Lost Books Lost Books F F D D Utility Utility Display Utility Screen Display Utility Screen E E User Select Button User Select Button If Backup and Restore Database If Backup and Restore Database T T Backup and Restore Database Backup and Restore Database F F T T If Clean Database If Clean Database Clean Database Clean Database F F E E System User System User Display System Screen. Display System Screen F F User Select Button User Select Button T T If User Account If User Account User Account User Account F F L L L L F F T T If Switch User If Switch User Switch User Switch User F F T T If Log Off If Log Off Log off Log off If Lock If Lock F F If Exit If Exit T T Exit Exit If Exit If Exit F F F F About About Display System Screen Display System Screen H H Display System Screen Display System Screen User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button If Thesis Writers If Thesis Writers T T Thesis Writers Thesis Writers If Researcher If Researcher F F H H B. Proposed System. System Rules Library Circulation policy is to organize both book records and borrower‘s information and keep track for easy and quick access. This is encrypted with password and only the authorized person is allowed to access for the safety of the information. Some library materials such as pamphlets, magazine and CD’s are also included in the process. These materials are input in the system with the title and corresponding accession numbers, and it is sorted whenever it is needed. Borrowers are only allowed to borrow three (3) books per day for overnight and over week end and have duration of three (3) days. Overnight books are to be taken from 4:30 to 5:00 pm. and to be returned at 7:15-7:30 on the following day. The over weekend books are to be taken from the library on the Friday afternoon from 4:30-5:00 pm. , and to be returned at 7:15-7:30 on Monday morning. If the student exceed the given due date, penalty will be imposed. It will be calculated and will be paid. The payment of the penalty is done at the cashier and only official receipt is needed that is being input on the system. Context Diagram 0 Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System Borrower Administration * Reports * Response. * Released Book * Penalty * Receipt * Inquiry * Library Card * Book Title * Book Card * Borrowed Book * Identification Card 0 Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System Borrower Administration * Reports * Response * Released Book * Penalty * Receipt * Inquiry * Library Card * Book Title * Book Card * Borrowed Book * Identification Card Event List: 1. Borrower makes inquiry. 2. Borrower borrows book. 3. Borrower returns book. 4. Librarian generates report. Event Specifications 1. Student/ Teacher make inquiry. 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Student/Teacher Book Information * Response * Inquiry 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Student/Teacher Book Information * Response * Inquiry Borrower Borrower 2. Student / Teacher borrows book. 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 3. Borrower returns book. Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record Borrowers Book Information. * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record 4. Librarian generates reports. Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Process Specification Process 1. 0 Student/ Teacher makes Inquiry Begin If student / teacher make inquiry Accept inquiry If inquiry about available book Open available book Retrieve list of available book Close available book Else if inquiry about registration Open book configuration form. Input borrower’s ID, borrower’s Full name, Address, cell number, age, gender, borrower’s type, year level and section. Register borrower End if End Process 2. 0 Student/ Teacher borrow book. Begin If borrower borrow book Accept borrowing If borrower is new Register borrower Open borrower’s configuration form Input borrower’s ID, borrowers name, address, cell number, age, gender, borrower’s type year level and section Close borrower’s configuration form Else if borrower is old Open book issue form Retrieve borrower’s ID, borrower’s name, book info, accession no, ISBN, book title, date issued, due date and purpose. Close book issue form End if End Process 3. 0 Borrower returns book. Begin Do while borrower’s return book Open return form Input borrower’s ID Retrieve borrower’s ID, borrowers name, accession no, ISBN, book title, date issued, due date, date returned and penalty Close return form End Process 4. 0 Librarian generates report. Begin Do while librarian receive memorandum Accept memorandum Retrieve list of books Generate repots of list of book If reports report about books Open inventory report Retrieve total number of books, damage. Lost Print report Close book report Else if reports about other library materials. Open other library materials Retrieved number of copies lost and damage Close library materials End if End Database Design It is a preliminary plan of software, where the collection of related data is organized for convenient access with the use of computer. Accession – contains the number of copies of the certain book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| ID number of the user| Acession_no| Text| 30| Number of the copy of the book| Copies| Text| 80| Number of copies| ISBN| Text| 30| International Standard book number| Date_received| Text| 50| Date received|. Borrowers_fulln-ame| Text| 50| Borrower’s full name| Status| Text| 10| Lost / Returned| Account – contains the username and password of the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | User_ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| User_Name| Text| 20| Name of the user| Complete_Name| Text| 30| Complete name of the user| Password| Text| 10| Password of the user| Account_Type| Text| 20| Limited/ administrator| User_Account| Yes/No| 20| Limited/ administrator| Log| Yes/No| 20| Log| Borrow| Yes/No| 20| Borrow| Return| Yes/No| 20| Return| Book| Yes/No| 20| Book|. Stat| Yes/No| 20| Status| Placement| Yes/No| 20| Features| Format| Yes/No| 20| Features| Borrowers| Yes/No| 20| Features of borrower| Up_penalty| Yes/No| 20| Penalty | Book_r| Yes/No| 20| Book| Return_r| Yes/No| 20| Date returned| Date_due| Yes/No| 20| Due date| Inventory_r| Yes/No| 20| Inventory reports| Catalog_r| Yes/No| 20| Catalog | Backup| Yes/No| 20| Back up files| Account_log – contains the time in and out of the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | Log_ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| User_ID| Text| 10| ID number of the user|. Timer_login| Text| 20| Time log in | Timer_logout| Text| 20| Time log out| Dte| Text| 30| Date| Remarks| Text| 10| Remarks| Book – contains the information of the book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| ISBN| Text| 30| Unique no of the book| Book_Title| Text| 200| Title of book| Other_title| Text| 200| Sub title of the book| Other_physical| Text| 200| Other Physical details| Author1| Text| 50| Name of the 1st author| Author2| Text| 50| Name of the 2nd author| Author3| Text| 50| Name of the 3rd author|. Notes| Text| 100| Notes| Publisher| Text| 255| Name of the publisher| Place_publication| Text| 200| Place of publication| Placement_code| Text| 20| Placement code| Book_no| Text| 10| Number of the book| Author_no| Text| 200| Author number| Subject1| Text| 255| Subject| Subject2| Text| 255| Subject| Subject3| Text| 255| Subject| Format| Text| 20| Book classification| Edition| Text| 200| Number of edition| Copyright_year| Text| 10| Copyright year| Date_received| Date/ Time| General date| Date received| Source| Text| 15| Donated/ purchased| Pages| Text| 5| Number of pages| Amount| Number| Long integer| Amount of the book| Total_copies| Number| Long integer| Total number of copies| Book_borrowed – contains the book borrowed by the borrower. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User Id| Borrowers_Id| Text| 10| Borrower’s ID| Borrowers_Name| Text| 30| Borrower’s name| Accession_no| Text| 10| Number of copies of the book| Copies| Text| 10| Number of copies| ISBN| Text| 20| International standard book number| Book_Title| Text| 200| Title of the book| Date_Issued| Date/ time| General date| Date issued| Date_Due| Date/ time| General date| Due date|. Date_Returned| Date/ time| General date| Date returned| Time_Due| Date/ time| General date|Due time| Purpose| Text| 15| Overnight/ over weekend| Penalty| Text| 15| Paid/ unpaid| Status| Text| 15| In/ out| Remarks| Text| 10| Returned/ unreturned| Borrowers_info – contains borrower’s personal information. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| Borrowers_ID| Text| 30| Borrower’s ID| Complete_Name| Text| 100| Borrower’s Full Name| Gender| Text| 20| Gender| Age| Text| 10| Age of the borrower| Address| Text| 80| Address of the borrower|. Cell_Number| Text| 20| Cell number | Type| Text| 20| Student/ teacher| Year_level| Text| 50| Year level| Section| Text| 30| Section| No_borrowed| Number| Long integer| No of book borrowed| Total_borrowed| Number| Long integer| Total no of book borrowed| Event_list – contains of all the event done by the librarian on the system. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| Number of data| User_ID| Number| Long integer| User ID| Event| Text| 40| Event| Event_date| Date/ time| General date| Event time | Event_time| Date/ time| General date| Event date|. Format – classification of the book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| Number of data| Format| Text| 200| Classification of book| Inventory – actual counting of all library materials. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| ISBN| Text| 50| International standard book number| Total_copies| Text| 10| Total copies| Copies_on_hand| Text| 10| Copies on hand| Copies_borrowed| Text| 10| Copies borrowed| Copies_lost| Text| 10| Copies lost|. Penalty – contains to the amount to be paid by the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| Format| Text| 200| Overnight/ over weekend| First_hour| Text| 10| Penalty for first hour | Next_hour| Text| 10| Penalty for the next hour| First_day| Text| 10| Penalty for the first day| Next_day| Text| 10| Penalty for the next day| Days_limit_for_borrow| Text| 10| Days limit| Placement – contains the code that is being replace. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID|.